Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Microbiology |
Specialized area of biology that deals with living things ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification |
|
|
Major groups of microorganisms |
1. Bacteria 2. Algae 3. Protozoa 4. Helminths 5. Fungi 6. Viruses |
|
|
Viruses |
Noncellular, parasitic, protein-coated genetic elements. They can affect every microbe. |
|
|
Studying microbes |
Easy (reproduce rapidly) Difficult (cannot be seen directly) |
|
|
Microbiologist study microbes: |
1. Cell structure and function 2. Growth and physiology 3. Genetics 4. Taxonomy and evolutionary history 5. Interactions with the living and nonliving environment |
|
|
Medical Microbiology |
Microbes that cause disease |
|
|
Public health microbiology and epidemiology |
Spread of disease |
|
|
Immunology |
How does the body respond to foreigners |
|
|
Industrial microbiology |
Study microbes for products |
|
|
Agricultural microbiology |
How microbes affect plants |
|
|
Environmental microbiology |
Study where microbes reside |
|
|
Single celled organisms arose: |
3.5 billion years ago |
|
|
Eukaryotic |
True nucleus (cells with a nucleus) |
|
|
Prokaryotic |
Pre-nucleus (bacteria and archea do not have a nucleus) |
|
|
Ubiquitous |
-Found nearly everywhere -Bacteria is found deep in the earth's crust, polar ice caps and oceans, inside the bodies of animals and plants |
|
|
Decomposition |
-Process that helps keep the earth in balance -Involves the breakdown of dead matter and waste |
|
|
Biotechnology |
When humans manipulate microorganisms to make products in an industrial setting |
|
|
Genetic engineering |
Area of biotechnology that manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals to create new products. -GMOs |
|
|
Recombinant DNA technology |
Makes it possible to transfer genetic material from one organism to another - alters DNA |
|
|
Bioremediation |
Introduces microbes into the environment to restore stability or to clean-up toxic pollutants |
|
|
Pathogen |
Any agent, such as a virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoan, or helminths, that causes disease. - Nearly 2,000 different microbes can cause disease |
|
|
Malaria |
Kills between 700,000- 1.2 million people every year |
|
|
First "Golden Age of Microbiology": |
Obvious diseases were characterized and cures or preventions were devised - Today, microorganisms that are quietly destructive are being discovered |
|
|
Bacterial/Archaeal cells: |
-10x smaller than eukaryotic cells - Lack organelles (small, double-membrane-bound structures that perform specific functions) |
|
|
Heminths |
Not microorganisms but included in study of infectious disease: 1. Transmitted similarly to bacterial diseases 2. Bodies response to them |
|
|
Parasites |
-cause damage to its host through infection and disease -make up a small amount of microbes -need hosts |
|
|
Robert Hooke |
First observations of microbes in the 1600s |
|
|
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek |
- made a crude microscope to examine threads in fabrics - "animalcules" |
|
|
1970s |
Discovery of restriction enzymes (chop up DNA in specific ways) |
|
|
1980s |
Invention of PCR technique (detects small amounts of DNA and amplifies them into quantities sufficient for studying) |
|
|
1980s and beyond |
Biofilms (accumulations of bacteria and other microbes in surfaces) |
|
|
2000s |
Small RNA (critical role in regulating what happens in the cell) |
|
|
John Tyndall |
Provided initial evidence that some of the microbes in dust and air have very high heat resistance |
|
|
Ferdinand Cohn |
-Clarified that heat would sometimes fail to eliminate all microorganisms -Discovered and described bacterial endospores - Sterilization came abour |
|
|
Robert Koch |
Studies linked a microscopic organism with a specific disease |
|
|
Joseph Lister |
First to introduce aseptic technique |
|
|
Pasteur |
-Invented pasteurization -Completed some of the first studies showing that human diseases could arise from infections |
