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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What elements make up 98% of the atoms in living organisms?
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oxygen hydrogen carbon |
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Why are hydrogen and oxygen prevalent in living organisms?
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abundance of water
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What is the most common atom in all biomolecules?
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carbon
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What are the four major classes of biomolecules? |
proteins nucleic acids lipids carbohydrates |
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What is the most versatile class of biomolecules and has an especially prominent role as enzymes? |
proteins
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Which class of biomolecules is primarily information molecules? |
nucleic acids
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What are the two types of nucleic acids? |
DNA RNA |
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What is the genetic information in most organisms?
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DNA
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What plays a variety of roles, including serving as a link between DNA and proteins? |
RNA
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What class of biomolecules serves as fuels and as membranes?
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lipids
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What are key fuel molecules that also play a role in cell-to-cell interactions? |
carbohydrates
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Explain the central dogma of biology. |
DNA is replicated to form new DNA molecules. DNA can also be transcribed to form RNA. Some information in the form of RNA, called messenger RNA, can be translated into proteins. |
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What forms membranes?
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lipid bilayers
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Why are membranes crucial? |
They establish boundaries between cells and their environment and boundaries within internal regions of many cells.
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What are the two structurally distinct types of cells? |
eukaryotic prokaryotic |
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What characterizes eukaryotic cells? |
organelles
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What is the largest organelle? |
nucleus |
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What do organelles play roles in? (4) |
housing the genetic information of the cell energy transformation protein processing and secretion digestion |
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What characterizes prokaryotic cells? (2)
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smaller and less complex than eukaryotic cells lack membrane-bounded compartments |
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complex array of intracellular membrane-bounded compartments
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organelles
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The uniformity of organisms at the molecular level.
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unity of biochemistry
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biological macromolecule composed of a linear array of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
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protein
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macromolecule composed of nucleotide monomers that stores and transfers information in cells |
nucleic acid
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What is a nucleotide? |
nitrogenous purine or pyrimidine base linked to a sugar, which is in turn linked to one or more phosphoryl groups
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contains the genome and exists as a double-stranded helix in all higher organisms
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DNA
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What does DNA stand for?
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deoxyribonucleic acid
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How does RNA differ from DNA structurally? |
It contains the base uracil instead of thymine and its sugar component has an extra hydroxyl group.
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What does RNA stand for? |
ribonucleic acid
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key biomolecule that is both hydrophilic and hydrophobic |
lipid
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saccharide, which can be an aldehyde or a ketone compound having multiple hydroxyl groups
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carbohydrate
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scheme that underlies information processing at the level of gene expression that was first proposed by Francis Crick in 1958
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central dogma
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process of copying the genome
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replication
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DNA-directed synthesis of RNA catalyzed by RNA polymerase |
transcription
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cellular protein synthesis |
translation
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lipid bilayer |
membrane
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bimolecular sheet formed by amphipathic molecules in which the hydrophobic moieties are on the inside of the sheet and the hydrophilic ones are on the aqueous outside |
lipid bilayer
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separates the inside of a cell from the outside |
plasma membrane
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biochemical material between the plasma membrane and the nuclear membrane that is not enclosed by any other membrane |
cytoplasm
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internal scaffolding of cells |
cytoskeleton
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organelle, about 2 mm in length and 0.5 mm in diameter, that is the site of oxidative phosphorylation, the enzymes of the citric acid cycle, and the enzymes of fatty acid oxidation |
mitochondrion
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extensive system of cytoplasmic membranes that comprises about half the total cell membrane |
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
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in the cytoplasm, a stack of membranous sacs that constitute the major sorting center for proteins that reside in cell membranes and the lumen of organelles |
Golgi complex
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vesicle filled with the proteins destined for secretion |
secretory granules
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What is another name for secretory granules? |
zymogen granules
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process by which secretory granules fuse with the plasma membrane and dump their cargo into the extracellular environment |
exocytosis
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derived from coated vesicles that lost the clathrin coat |
endosomes
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process of the internalization of extracellular material by the invagination and budding of the cell membrane
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endocytosis
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process of taking large amounts of material into a cell
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phagocytosis
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organelle containing a wide array of digestive enzymes that degrades and recycles damaged cellular components or material brought into the cell by endocytosis |
lysosomes
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What are seven roles of proteins in biological processes? |
catalysis transport and storage motion mechanical support immune protection generation and transmission of nerve impulses control of growth and differentiation |
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Why is it important that lipids are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic?
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It enables them to form barriers that delineate the cell and cellular compartments.
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an organic compound with the empirical formula (CH2O)n |
carbohydrate
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What are the two taxonomic domains of prokaryotes? |
bacteria archaea |
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Why does the plasma membrane have selective permeability?
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proteins permit the entry and exit of certain molecules and information
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site of a host of biochemical processes, including the initial stage of glucose metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, and protein synthesis |
cytoplasm
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What is cytoskeleton made of? (3) |
actin filaments intermediate filaments microtubules |
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What does cytoskeleton enable cells to do? (3) |
transport vesicles change shape migrate |
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Which class of biomolecules do catalysts belong to?
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proteins
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What is an important function of nucleic acids? |
information transfer
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What are two important functions of lipids? |
fuel structure |
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What are two important functions of carbohydrates? |
fuel cell-to-cell communication |
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What are three organelles or structures found in plant cells but not animal cells? |
chloroplasts vacuoles cell wall |
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What are the implications of the unity of biochemistry? |
It strongly suggests that all organisms on Earth are derived from a common ancestor.
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linear polymers composed from 20 different amino acids |
proteins
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branched polymer composed only of glucose |
glycogen
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describes the fundamental information flow in biological systems |
central dogma
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What do catalysts do? |
enhance the rate of a chemical reaction without themselves being permanently altered
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What is an enzyme? |
protein catalysts
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What can some types of RNA also function as? |
catalysts
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Which organelles are surrounded by two membranes? (3) |
mitochondria chloroplasts nuclei |
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How does the nuclear membrane differ from other membranes? |
not continuous, set of closed membranes that come together at pores
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Trace the pathway of the formation of a secretory protein from its gene to its exocytosis from the cell.
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Gene transcribed into RNA, which is translated into the protein on ribosomes bound to the endoplasmic reticulum. Protein enters lumen of the ER, is sequestered into transport vesicles, and moves to the Golgi complex, where the protein is modified. The protein is packaged into secretory vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane, resulting in the exocytosis of the protein. |
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common form of cytoplasmic membrane
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endoplasmic reticulum
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processes exogenous chemicals
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smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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rough endoplasmic reticulum
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membrane with ribosomes attached
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site of carbohydrate addition to proteins
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Golgi complex
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facilitate communication between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex
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transport vesicles
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destined for fusion with the plasma membrane
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secretory granules
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carries important biochemicals into the cell
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endosome
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site of fuel oxidation
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mitochondrion
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serves as a storage form of energy and as a signal molecule |
lipid
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