Chapter 1

Front 1

Ancient Greeks

Back 1

(~500-300 B.C.)

• earliest written description of the natural world
• believed that living forms had a "fixed" essence (immutability of species)
• each creature had an internal purpose ("soul as form")
• Aristotle: life arranged in hierarchical ladder ("great chain of being")

Front 2

Middle Ages

Back 2

(~500-1300’s)

• church doctrine ruled, legally and morally
  
• fixity of species & hierarchal structureenforced
• prevailing social thought
  
• “gods plan”
  
• not a lot of scientific progress
  

Front 3

Rennaissance

Back 3

(14th-16th century)

• aka “rebirth” / scientific revolution
• lots of exploration (including Americas)
• discovered diversity in species around theworld
• discovery of the new world, new medicine, newscientific approach
• important people: Da Vinci, James Ussher
• Idea of fixity = spiritual, legal andpolitical norm during the middle ages
• Law of church was simple and steadfast: “Godcreated earth and everything on it, and life as we know it today remainsunchanged since the moment of creation”
  

Front 4

Enlightenment

Back 4

(1650-1800's aka 17th -19th centuries)

• More rigorousapproach to science
  
• Natural theology: Rule ofnatural science was to document
• naturalists were more concerned with developingclassification schemes for naming and organizing plants and animals
• still did not part with theological view ofunchanging world
• created classification scheme we use in biosciences today, Linnaean system

Front 5

John Ray

Back 5

"genera"/genus & "species"

Front 6

James Ussher

Front 7

Carolus Linnaeus

Back 7

(1170-1778)

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