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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Development
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Systematic changes and continuities in an individual
Conception and death Gains, losses, neutral changes and continuities |
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Changes and continuities
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3 domains:
Physical Cognitive Psychosocial Growth, stability, aging |
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Periods of the lifespan
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Prenatal
Infancy Preschool Middle childhood Adolescence Early adulthood Middle adulthood Late adulthood |
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Age grade
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Socially defined age group in society
Confers statuses, roles, privileges, responsibilities Rites of passage mark transitions |
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Age norms
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Behavioral expectations by age
Basis for the social clock Weakened |
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Social clock
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Our sense of when things should be done
Our adjustment to life transitions |
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Conceptualizing the lifespan
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Vary from culture to culture
Subculture to subculture Ethnicity Socioeconomic status |
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Ethnicity
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Classification or affiliation with a group bases on common heritage or traditions
Groups have different age norms and different developmental experiences |
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Socioeconomic status
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SES
Standing in society based on such indicators as occupational prestige, education and income Influence age at which milestones of adulthood are reached |
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Childhood
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View emerged in the 17th century of children as innocents to be protected and nurtured
Birth-12 |
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Adolescence
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Emerged as a distinct phase of the lifespan in the late 19th century, early 20th
12-20 |
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Early adulthood
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Most recently defined phase from age 18-29
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Middle age
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Recognized in the mid-20th century
40-65 |
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Old age
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Defined in the 20th century
65+ |
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Life expectancy
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Average number of years a newborn can be expected to live
21st century = 78 years Differences have narrowed between m/f and race Difference have widened between upper and lower classes |
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Nature
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Influences of heredity
Emphasis upon the process of maturation Biological development according to a genetic plan |
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Nurture
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Influences of environment
Emphasis upon learning Experience cause changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors |
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Ecology of development
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Urie Bronfenbrenner
Microsystem Mesosystem Exosystem Macrosystem Chronosystem |
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Microsystems
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Immediate environment
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Mesosystem
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Linkages between microsystems
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Exosystems
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Linkages of social systems
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Macrosystem
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Larger cultural context
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Chronosystems
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Changes occur in a time frame
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Description
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Normal development and individual differences
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Explanation
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Typical human development and individually different development
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Optimization
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Positive development and enhanced capacity
Preventing and overcoming difficulties |
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Evidence-based practice
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Used by teachers, mental health professionals, nurses, other helping professionals
Practice of using research-based methods and proven curricula or treatments |
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G. Stanley Hall
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Founder of development psychology
Developed the questionnaire Suggested adolescence is a time of storm and stress |
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Modern day lifespan perspective
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Development is a lifelong process, multidirectional, involved both gain and loss, characterized by lifelong plasticity, shaped by historical-cultural context, multiplied influence, must by studied by multiple disciplines
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Scientific method
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Attitude, believe the data, the findings
Involves a process of generating ideas and testing them by making observations No emotions |
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Theory
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Set of concepts and propositions intended to describe and explain phenomena
Generate hypotheses Tested through observations New observations indicate which theories are supported or should be revised or discarded |
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Good theory
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Internally consistent
Falsifiable Supported by date |
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Sample selection
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Research study focuses on a research sample for the purpose of generalizing to a larger population from which the sample is drawn and about which conclusions can be made
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Random sample
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Best approach
Not always possible Identify the population and use random means to select a portion to be studied |
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Verbal reports
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Use interviews, written questionnaires or surveys to ask people about themselves
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Cons of verbal reports
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Cannot be used with infants, those who cannot read or understand speech
Results may reflect age differences in understanding Responses may be socially desirable |
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Naturalistic observations
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Behavioral
Natural surroundings and every day life Infants and children who lack verbal skills |
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Cons of naturalistic
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Cannot be used for rate or infrequent behaviors
Difficult to determine cause and effect Presence of observer can influence the behavior that is being observed |
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Pros: structured observations
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Achieve more control over the conditions of observation by creating tasks or conditions related to the behavior of interest
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Cons: structured observations
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Research participants may not behave naturally
Conclusions drawn from structures situations may not generalize to natural settings |
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Physiological measurements
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fMRI measures an increase in blood flow to an area of the brain that occurs when the area is active
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Pros: physiological measurements
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Hard to fake
Useful in study of nonverbal infants |
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Cons: physiological measurements
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Not always clear what is being addressed
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Case study
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In depth examination of an individual or small number of individuals
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Pros: case study
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Provide rich information about complex or rare aspects of development
Good source of hypotheses for future larger- scale studies |
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Cons: case study
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Conclusions cannot be generalized
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Experiments
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Manipulation of an aspect of the environment to determine how this affects the behavior of the sample is being studied
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Goal of experiments
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Different treatments (IV) have different effects on the behavior expected to be affected (DV)
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True experiments
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Random assignment of individuals to treatment conditions
Manipulation a of IV Experimental control |
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Pros: experiment
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Establish cause and effect
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Cons: experiment
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Findings of lab experiments don't always hold true in the real world
Principles of ethics |
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Quasi experiment
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Experiment like study that evaluates the effects of different treatments but does not randomly assign individuals to treatment groups
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Correlation method
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Determines if two or more variables are related in a systematic fashion
Strength of relationship is expressed by the calculation or correlation coefficient (+1.0 - -1.0) |
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Cons: correlation
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Cannot establish a casual relationship between one variable and another
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Value of correlation
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Can be used when it's unethical to manipulate people's experience in an experiment
Allows an examination of multiple factors that combine to influence development |
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Meta-analysis
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Examines multiple studies that address the same question and synthesizes the results to produce overall conclusions
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Cross-sectional designs
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Compares the performances of people of different age groups or cohorts
Provides info about age differences |
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Cohort
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Group of individual born at the same time
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Age effects
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Relationship between age and a particular aspect of development
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Cohort effects
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Effects of being born a member of a cohort or a generation in a historical context
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Cons: cross-sectional
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Age effects and cohort effects are confounded
Do not reveal how people change with age |
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Pros: cross-sectional
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Quick and easy
Can yield valid conclusions about age effects if the cohorts studied are likely to have had similar experiences |
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Longitudinal designs
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Trace changes in individuals as they change
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Cons: longitudinal
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Age effects and time of measurement effects are confounded
Costly and time consuming Measurement methods may become obsolete Participants are lost Effects of repeated testing |
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Sequential designs
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Combine the cross-sectional and the longitudinal approach and improve both
Can reveal age effects, cohort effects, time of measurement effects |
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Challenges
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Culturally sensitive research
SES Different cultural/subcultural groups Keep ethnocentrism from influencing Protecting the rights of participants Ethics Psychological or physical harm |
