Chapter 1-3

Front 1

Sociological perspective:

Back 1

seeing the general in the particular. This tells us that sociologists look for general patterns in the behaviour of particular people

Front 2

Seeing society in our everyday lives:

Back 2

How we view society depends on where we view it from

Front 3

Who did Durkheim explain were most likely to commit suicide?

Back 3

Protestant, wealthy people, and the unmarried men

Front 4

What is social integration and how does this tie into suicides?

Back 4

Categories of people with strong social ties had low suicide rates and more individualistic people had high suicide rates

Front 5

Which two situations help people see clearly how society shapes individual lives? (2)

Back 5

1) Living on the margins of society
2) Living through a social crisis

Front 6

Who are considered "people at the margins of social life?"

Back 6

Racial minorities, aboriginals, gays, lesbians, people with disabilities, the elderly

Front 7

What does "period of crisis mean?"

Back 7

It means that after a major change in timeframe ( cold war there may be an imbalance in social perspective) example: cant find a job, not due to yourself but no jobs to be found

Front 8

Global perspective:

Back 8

The study of the larger world and our society's place in it

Front 9

What is the importance of a global perspective for sociology?

Back 9

1) Global awareness is a logical extension of the sociological perspective

Front 10

How many people live in high / middle / low income countries?

Back 10

High:74
middle:72
low:49

Front 11

How is applying sociolgoical perspective useful in many ways? (3)

Back 11

(1) Sociology is at work guiding many laws and policies that shape our lives
(2) Leads to personal growth and expanded awareness

(3) Excellent preparation for the world of work

Front 12

Using sociology pays off in four ways (4)

Back 12

1) helps us access the truth of common sense
2) helps us see the opportunities and constraints in our own lives
3) empowers us to be active participants in our society
4) Helps us live in a diverse world

Front 13

What are the three kinds of changes that is important in the development of sociology? (3)

Back 13

1) The rise of factory based economy

2) Explosive growth of cities
3) New ideas about democracy and political rights

Front 14

Who is coined the term sociology?

Back 14

August Comte

Front 15

What did August Comte develop?

Back 15

1) theological stage: People took the religious view that society expressed god's will
2) scientific stage: People came to see society as a natural rather than a supernatural phenomenon
3) Scientific stage: applying scientific approach to study society

Front 16

What is positivism?

Back 16

A scientific approach to knowledge based facts rather than mere speculation

Front 17

Theory:

Back 17

A statement of how and why specific facts are related

Front 18

Theoretical approach

Back 18

A basic image of society that guides thinking and research

Front 19

Strucutral funtional approach

Back 19

Framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability

Front 20

Social strucutre:

Back 20

Any relatively stable pattern of social behaviour

Front 21

Social functions:

Back 21

The consequences of a social pattern for the operation of society as a whole

Front 22

Who discovered Manifest/ latent function/ social dysfunction

Back 22

merton

Front 23

Manifest function

Back 23

Recongzed and intended consequences of any social pattern

Front 24

Latent function

Back 24

Unrecognzie and unintended consequences of any social pattern

Front 25

Social dysfunction

Back 25

Any social pattern that may disrupt the operation fo society ( economyy, rising flow of immigrants, etc)

Front 26

Social conflict approach

Back 26

Framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change. This approach highligths how factors such as class, race, ethnicity, gender and age are linked to inequaltiy in terms of money, power, education and social privilages

Front 27

What does a conflict analysis reject?

Back 27

It rejects the idea that social strucutres promote the operation of society as a whole, focusing on how any social patterns benefit some people while hurting others

Front 28

Race conflict theory

Back 28

The study of society that focuses on inequality and conflict between people of different racial and ethnic categories

Front 29

Both structural functional approach and social conflict approach share a ______ _____ orientation. What does this mean?

Back 29

Macro-level orientation: A braocd focu on social strucutres that shape society as a whole ( looks at the big picture)

Front 30

Micro-level orientation:

Back 30

A close-up focus on social interaction in specific situations ( look at perspective close up and personal)

Front 31

Symbolic interaction approach:
Who was this thinking representative of?

Back 31

A framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interaction of individuals

- Max weber

Front 32

Who developed social exchange analysis ?

What does this mean?

Back 32

A) George homman: the idea that interaction is guided by what each person stands to ggain and lose from others

Front 33

Empirical evidence

Back 33

information we can verify with our senses

Front 34

Concept:

Back 34

A mental construst that represents some part of the world in a simplified form. Sociologists use concepts to label aspects of social life

Front 35

Measurement:

Back 35

A procedure for determining the value of a variable in a specific case

- Variable depend on measurement

Front 36

Validity:

Back 36

Measuring exactly what you intend to measure

Front 37

Difference between independent / dependent variable

Back 37

1) Independent variable: refers to the variable that causes the change

2) Dependent: Variable that change

Front 38

Spurious correlation:

Back 38

An apparent but false relationship between two ( or more) variables that is caused by some other variabl ( two variables change together but neither one causes the other to change

Front 39

Interpretive sociolgy

Back 39

The study of society that focuses on discovering the meanings people attach to their social world

-Society is ongoing interaction. People construct rality as they attached meaning to their behaviour

Front 40

Critical sociology

Back 40

is the study of society that focuses on the need for social change

- Society is patterns of inequality. Reality is that some categories of people dominate others

Front 41

Positivist sociology

Back 41

Society is an orderly system. There is an objective reality "out there"

Front 42

Difference between Androcentricity and Gynocentricity

Back 42

Androcentricity: Approaching an issue from a male perspective
Gynocentrictiy: Seeing the world from a female perspective

Front 43

Overgeneralize:

Back 43

Gathering data only from one gender and drawing conclusions from that

Front 44

Gender Blindness:

Back 44

Failure to consider gender at all

Front 45

Double standards:

Back 45

Researchers must be careful not to judge men and women by different standards

Front 46

Interference:

Back 46

Interfering with research operations

Front 47

Sociologists must

Back 47

Make sure that subjects taking part in the research project are not harmed. Protect the privacy of the individuals involved. They must never accept funding from any organization that seeks to influence the research result for its own purpose

Front 48

Hypothesis takes four steps:

Back 48

1) state which is the independet variable
2) Measure the initial value of the dependent variable
3) Expose the dependent to independent
4) Measure the dependent variable again to see if anything changed

Front 49

Longitudinal research design:

Back 49

Collect data from indivduals repeadly for as long as possible

Front 50

Response driven sampling:

Back 50

this technique begins with a small number of reserach particiapants who serve as seeds

Front 51

Culture:

Back 51

The ideas created by members of a society, ideas that range from art to zen

Front 52

Material Culture:

Back 52

By contrast is the physical thing by member of a society (Physical object)

Front 53

Culture shock:

Back 53

Personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life. ( going/ experiencing a new culture for the first time)

Front 54

Only humans rely on culture rather than instinct to create a way of life and ensure our survival

Back 54

Only animals rely on instinct

Front 55

The importance of primates is that they have the ________

Back 55

Largest brains relative to body size of all living creates

Front 56

Nation

Back 56

Is a politiical ethnicity a terrirory with designated boreders ( countries )

Front 57

Society

Back 57

People who interact in a defined territory and share a culture

Front 58

How many cultures are there in Canada?

Back 58

More than 200 nonoffical mother tongues spoken in this country

Front 59

What accounts for the worldwide decline in the member of spoken language?

Back 59

The main reason is globalization itself, includes high- technology communication, increasing international migration, and the expanding worldwide economy

Front 60

Symbol

Back 60

Anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture. ( A word, a whistle)

Front 61

Cultural shock comes in two forms:

Back 61

1) Travellers experience culture shock when encountering people whose way of life is different
2) Traveller may inflict culture shock o local people by acting in way that offend them ( misunderstandings )

Front 62

Language:

Back 62

Is a system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another. Language is a key to cultural transmission.

Each culture experiences the same word differently

Front 63

Cultural transmission:

Back 63

The process by which one generation passes culture to the next

Front 64

Sapir- Whorf Thesis:

Back 64

Holds that people see and understand the world through the cultural lens of language

Front 65

Values:

Back 65

Cultrually defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful, and serve as a broad guidline for social living

Front 66

Belief

Back 66

Specific thought or ideas that people hold to be true. In other words, values are abstract standards of goodness , and belief are particular matters that people accept as true or false

Front 67

Values: (3)

Back 67

1) often in harmony, sometimes in conflict
2) Change Over Time
3) A global perspective

Front 68

Norms:

Back 68

Rules and expectations by which a society guides the behaviour of its members ( People in China share their personal information, where people in Canada are reluctant to do so )

Front 69

Folkways

Back 69

Norms and routine or casual interaction (ideas about appropriate greetings and proper dress. Ex. Not wearing a tie to a formal dinner party may raise eyebrows for violating folkways)

Front 70

Mores:

Back 70

Norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance

Front 71

Laws:

Back 71

System of rules recognized and enforced by governing institution

Front 72

Social control:

Back 72

Attempts by society to regulate peoples' thoughts and behaviours

• As we learn cultural norms, we gain the capacity to evaluate our own behaviour

Front 73

Technology:

Back 73

Knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings

- Gerhand Lenski aruged that a society level of technology is cruicial in detemrining what cultural ideas and artifcats emerged or are even possible. He pointed to the importance of socio-culture brought by new technology

Front 74

Hunting and gathering:

Back 74

The use of simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation for food. ( this is only present in rural areas now ) Everyone helps search for food. They do not have formal leaders. They may view one person as a shaman or priest

Front 75

Horiculture:

Back 75

The use of hand tools to raise crops. This appeared around 10,000 years ago

Front 76

Pastoralism:

Back 76

The domestication of animals

Front 77

Agriculture:

Back 77

Large scale cultivation using plows harnessed to animals or more powerful energy source. ( appeared 5000 years ago)

- brought about inequality. Serfs, or slaves

- Men had power over women

Front 78

Industry:

Back 78

Is the production of goods using advanced sources of energy to drive large machinery:

- The introduction of steam power, started about in 1775, greatly boosted productivity and transformed cultre in the process

Front 79

Industry #2

Back 79

Made the world seem smaller. ( expansion of automobile, airplane, radio, television, and computers) Extended human life span

Front 80

Post-industrialism:

Back 80

Refers to the production of information using computer technology

Front 81

High culture:

Back 81

Cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite

Front 82

Popular culture:

Back 82

To designate cultural patterns that are widespread among a society population

Front 83

Subculture:

Back 83

Cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society's population( People who have tats, enjoy hip-hop music and fashion all display subcultrual patterns)

Front 84

Multiulutralism:

Back 84

A perspective recognziing the cultural diveristy of Canada nad promoting equal standing for all cultural traditions. Is controversial because it asks us to rethink norms and values that form the core of the dominant culture

Front 85

Eurocentraisim:

Back 85

Dominance of european culture patterns

Front 86

Countercultrue:

Back 86

Refers to cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within society

Front 87

Cutural integration:

Back 87

The close relationship among various elements of a cultural system

Front 88

Cultural lag:

Back 88

The fact that some cultural elements change moreq uickly than others, dirsupting the cultural system

Front 89

Causes of cultural change: (3)

Back 89

1) Invention: The process of creating new cultural elements ( Phone, computer, rights)
2) Discovery: Recongizing and understanding more fully something already in existnace ( Space)
3) Diffusion: The spread of cultural traits from one society to another

Front 90

Ethocentrisim:

Back 90

Practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture

Front 91

Cultural relativism:

Back 91

- Alternative to ethnocetrism

- The practice of judging a culture by its own standards

Front 92

Global culture: 1/3

Back 92

Global economy: The flow of goods. International trade has never been greater

Front 93

Global culture: 2/3

Back 93

Global communications: The flow of information

- The internet and satellite assied communication enable people to experience events taking place thousands of miles away. ( the use of text messaging, technology)

Front 94

Global culture: 3/3

Back 94

Global migration: The flow of people

- Knowing about the rest of the world motivates people to move to where they imagine life will be better. Global culture thesis assumes that people everywhere are able to afford various new goods and services

Front 95

Socialization:

Back 95

Lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture

Front 96

Personality:

Back 96

Found by social experiences

- A persona fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking and feeling

Front 97

Who developed beahaviourism?

Back 97

John B watson

Front 98

harry, margaret halow study:

Back 98

They placed monkeys in isolation:

- Complete isolation for six months : distributed the monkey's development. When returned back to the group they were passive, anxious and fearful ( they can however recover in 3 months )

Front 99

Sigmund Freud: (1)

Back 99

Biology plays a major part in human development. We are in need for sexual and emotional bonding which he called " life instinct" Second we share an aggressive drive he called the "death instinct"

Front 100

Personality falls into 3 parts

- Developed by freud

Back 100

1) Id:

2) Ego

3) Superego

Front 101

Id:

Back 101

Id: Humans being's basic drives, which are unconscious and demand immediate satisfaction. Presented at birth

Front 102

Superego

Back 102

Superego: Is the cultural values and norms internalized by an individual. Serves as our conscience. Forms when child becomes aware of parental demands

Front 103

Ego:

Back 103

Person conscious effort to balance innate pleasure seeking drives with the demand of society. The ego arises as we become aware of our distinct existence and a face the fact we cannot have everything we want

Front 104

Sublimiation:

Back 104

Changes slefish drives into socially acceptable behaviour

Front 105

Jean piaget:

Back 105

Studied human cognition, how peopel think and understand.

Front 106

Sesnsorimotor stage:

Back 106

Level of human development at which individual experiences the world only through their senses.

For about two years, kids learn through this stage

Front 107

Preopersational stage:

Back 107

The level of human development at which individuals first use language and other symbols

Front 108

Concrete opeational stage:

Back 108

The level of human development at which individuals first see causal connection in their surroundings ( kids from 7-11 foucs on how and why things happen )

Front 109

Formal operation stage:

Back 109

Level of human development at which inidividuals think abstractly and critcally ( what do you want to be when you grow up?)

Front 110

preconventional level

Back 110

young children who experience the worlds in terms of pain and pleasure

Front 111

Conventional level:

Back 111

Teens lose some of their selfishness as they learn to define right and wrong in terms of what pleases parents and conforms to cultural norms

Front 112

Post conventional level:

Back 112

Poeple move beyond their societiy norms to consider abstract ethicial prinicples.

Front 113

Gilligan:

Back 113

Boys have a justice perspective, relying on formal rules to define right and wrong
- Girls: have a care responsibility perspective, judging a situation with an eye toward personal relationships and loyalties

Front 114

Meads' theory of social self:

Back 114

1)Self ( most important) The part of an indivudal personality composed of self-awareness and self image ( Something that develops )

2)- Self-development only with social experience
3)- Social experience is the exchange of symbols
4)Seeking meaning leads people to imagine other peoples intention
5) Understanding intention requires imagining the situation from others point of view

Front 115

Looking glass self:

Back 115

Horton Cooley used this phrase.

- Self-image based on how we think others see us

Front 116

Significant others:

Back 116

People such as parents who have special importance for socialization

Front 117

Taking roles of others allows for what?

Back 117

It allows children to take several roles at once. This skill lets them move from simple play o more compledd games involving many others

( playing catch, to playing baseball)

Front 118

Generalized others:

Back 118

To refer to widespread to cultural norms and values we use as references in evaluating others

Front 119

ERik H erikson eight stages od development

Back 119

Page 88-89

Front 120

Canadian children from the lowest social class are twice as likely to have _______ disorder

Back 120

conduct disorder

Front 121

Cultural capital:

Back 121

Material objects, values, and knowledge, acquired by members of the elite culture

Front 122

Peer group:

Back 122

A social group whose members have interests, social position, and age in common
( peer groups offer the chance to discuss interests that adults may not share with their children)

- The importance of peer groups tpically peaks during aolescene

Front 123

Anticipatory socialization

Back 123

Learning that helps a person achieve a desired position. ( young people may copy the styles and slang of a group they hope will accept them)

Front 124

Mass media:

Back 124

are the means for delivering impersonal communication to a vast audience

- The mass media introduces people to ideas and images that reflect the large society and the entire world

Front 125

Who spends the most time watching television?

Back 125

Minorities, older people, and people with lower incomes spend the most time watching TV

Front 126

There is a voluntary code which bans the broadcasts of show containing gratuitous violence of any type or show that condone, encourages or glamorizes violence. When are these programs being played?

Back 126

during watershed periods between 9:00 pm and 6:00 am

Front 127

Early adulthood:

Back 127

Until age 30- young adults learn to manage day to day affair for themselves. Balancing priorities between, partner, children, schooling, work, and parter

Front 128

Middle adulthood

Back 128

Age 45 to 65. They become more aware of the fragility of health, which young people take for granted. Women that get divroced during middle adulthood also face serious finanacial problems and social isolation. Wrinkles and grey hair forms

Front 129

Old Age:

Back 129

Final stage of life. Begins around mid sixties

Front 130

Gerontology

Back 130

The study of aging and the elderly

Front 131

Social interaction:

Back 131

Process by which people act and react in relation to other

Front 132

Status set:

Back 132

Refers to all the statuses a person holds at a given time. ( your status set change over the life course. You gain and lose dozens of statuses )

Front 133

Ascribed status:

Back 133

A social position a person receives at birth or takes on involuntarily later in life ( statuses that you have little or no choice example, being a race)

Front 134

Achieved status

Back 134

Refers to a social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort ( being an honour student, NHL player, nurse)

Front 135

Master status:

Back 135

A status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a perosn's entire life

( Trudeau)

Front 136

Role

Back 136

Behaviour expected of someone who holds a particular status.

- A person holds a status and performs a role

Front 137

Role set:

Back 137

Introduced by Merton:

- Identify a number of roles attached to a single status

Front 138

Role conflict

Back 138

Conflict among the roles connected to two or more status. We experience role conflict when we find ourselves pulled in various directions as we try to respond to the many statuses we hold

Front 139

Role Strain:

Back 139

Refers to tension among the roles connected to a single status

Front 140

Social construction of reality

Back 140

The process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction

Front 141

Street smart:

Back 141

a form of social constructing reality

Front 142

Thomas theorem:

Back 142

Claims that situations defined as real are real in their consequences

Front 143

Ethnomethodology:

Back 143

Created by Harold Garfinkel

- The study of the way people makes sense of their everyday surrounding
- This approach beings by pointing out that everyday behaviour rests on a number of assumptions

Front 144

What did sociologists argue that the rise of social media has created?

Back 144

Social media weakened social ties among people who share physical space

Front 145

Dramaturgicial analysis:

Back 145

Created by Erving Goffman

- The study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance ( Socal interaction is like a big play)

Front 146

Presentation of self:

Back 146

A person effort to create specific impression in the mind of others

Front 147

Demeanour:

Back 147

The way we act and carry ourselves

Front 148

Ekman:

Back 148

Explains culture defines what triggers an emotion. Second, culture provides rules for the display of emotions. Third, culture gudies how we value emotion

Front 149

Emotional labour:

Back 149

Refers to suppressed or induced feelings produced by an employee in accordance with the rules of an organization