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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Kinesiology |
study of motion or human movement
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Biomechanics
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application of mechanical physics to human motion -knowledge of anatomical structures and how they interact with each other |
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Structural Kinesiology |
study of muscles as they are involved in science of movement
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How many muscles are found in the human body?
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more than 600 vary in size, shape, & structure from one part of the body to another |
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Anatomical Position
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most widely used & accurate for all aspects of the body standing face forward, feet parallel and close, & palms facing forward |
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Planes of Motion
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Imaginarytwo-dimensional surface through which a limb or body segment is moved Motionthrough a plane revolves around an axis Thereis a ninety-degree relationship between a plane of motion & its axis |
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Cardinal Planes of Motion
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Sagittal Frontal Transverse |
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Sagittal
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Example: situps |
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Frontal |
Example: jumping jacks |
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Transverse
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dividing the body into top and bottom parts Example: cracking your back, moving head from left to right |
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Axes of Rotation
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Formovement to occur in a plane, it must turn or rotate about an axis as referredto previously Theaxes are named in relation to their orientation |
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Frontal |
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Sagittal |
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Vertical |
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Abduction |
Example: raise arm or leg horizontally |
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Adduction
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Example: lower arm or leg back to anatomical position |
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Flexion |
Example: elbow when hand by shoulder |
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Extension
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Example: hand move away from shoulder |
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Circumduction
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Flexion, Extension, Abduction & Adduction FYI: circumflexion |
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Diagonal Abduction Diagonal Adduction |
Example: sword out of sling -movement by a limb through a diagonal plane toward and across midline of body Example: sword into sling |
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External Rotation
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rotary movement around vertical axis of bone away from the midline transverse plane (rotation laterally, outward rotation, lateral rottion) |
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Internal Rotation
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transverse plane (rotation medially, inward rotation, medial rotation) |
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Eversion Inversion (ankle & foot) |
-adduction, turning sole inward medially, standing with weight on outer edge of foot |
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Dorsal Flexion Plantar Flexion (ankle & foot) |
-extension movement of ankle that results in foot moving away from tibia |
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Pronation Supination (ankle & foot) |
-combination of ankle planter flexion, subtalar inversion, & forefoot adduction (toe in) |
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Pronation Supination (radioulnar joint) |
-externally rotating radius where it lies parallel to ulna resulting in palm up position of forearm |
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Elevation Depression (shoulder girdle) |
-superior movement Example: shrugging shoulders -inferior movement Example: returning to normal after shoulder shrugg |
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Protraction Retraction (shoulder girdle) |
Example: abduction of scapula -backward movement of girdle toward the spine Example: adduction of scapula |
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Rotation Downward Rotation Upward (shoulder girdle) |
-rotary movement with inferior angle moving laterally & upward (rotation of shoulder girdle) |
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Horizontal Abduction Horizontal Adduction (shoulder joint) |
aka: horizontal extension -movement of humorous in transverse plane toward the midline aka: horizontal flexion, transverse adduction |
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Lateral Flexion (side bending) Reduction (spine) |
-movement of head and or trunk laterally away from the midline (frontal plane, sagittal axis) Example: adduction of spine -return of spine to anatomical position from lateral flexion Example: adduction of spine |
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Flexion Extension (wrist & hand) |
aka: palmer flexion -extension in sagittal plane with dorsal (posterior) side of hand moving toward posterior side of forearm aka: dorsal flexion |
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Radial Deviation Ulnar Deviation (wrist & hand) |
-adduction movement at wrist of little finger side of hand toward forearm |
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Opposition of the Thumb Reposition of the Thumb (wrist & hand) |
-back to straightening point |
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Inferior (infra) Superior (supra) |
aka: caudal -above in relation to another structure aka: cephalic, higher |
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Anterior Anteroinferior Anterosuperior |
-infront & below -infront & above |
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Lateral Medial (median) |
-relating to middle or center, nearer to medial or midsagittal plane |
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Posterior Posteroinferior Posterolateral |
-behind, in back, rear -behind & below -behind & to one side |
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Posteromedial Posterosuperior |
-behind & upper part |
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Anteromedial Anteroposterior |
-in front & toward inner side (midline) -front & rear |
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Inferolateral Inferomedial Superolateral Superomedial |
-back & to the side (usually outside) -back & toward inner side (midline) -upper & to the side (usually outside) -upper & toward the inner side (midline) |
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Contralateral Ipsilateral Bilateral |
-on the same side -right & left sides |
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Caudal Cephalic |
-above, higher, superior |
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Superficial |
-near the surface, relative depth or location of muscles or tissues |
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Proximal |
-nearest to the trunk or the point of origin |
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Supine |
-lying on the back |
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Dorsal Ventral |
-belly or abdomen, front, anterior point |
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Volar Plantar |
-palm of hand or sole of foot -sole of foot |
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Appendicular |
-upper limbs, lower limbs |
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Axial? Appendicular? |
-axial: 80 (skull, vertebra, hip bones) -appendicular: 126 (63 per side) |
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What are the skeletal functions?
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-movement by serving as points of attachment for muscles and acting as levers |
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Long Bones |
-acts as a lever Example: phalanges, metatarsals, metacarpals, tibia, fibula, femur, radius, ulna, & humerus |
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Short Bones |
-shock absorption Example: carpals & tarsals |
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Flat Bones
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Example: ilium, ribs, sternum, clavicle, & scapula |
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Irregular Bones
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Example: sesamoid bones (patella (create leverage) & first metatarsophalangeal). don't articulate. provide mechanical advantage. |
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Diaphysis Cortex Periosteum |
-hard dense compact bone forming walls of diaphysis -dense fibrous membrane covering outer surface of diaphysis, outer covering has a lot of nerves & good blood supply & heals quickly |
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Endosteum Medullary (marrow) Cavity |
-between walls of diaphysis, containing yellow fatty marrow |
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Epiphyseal Plate |
-(growth plate) thin cartilage plate separates diaphysis & epiphyses |
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Articular (hyaline) Cartilage
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-line condyles & patella -little blood supply (hard to heal) -no intervention (no pain when wearing away till it's too late) |
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Longitudinal Bone Growth
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-will continue as long as epiphyseal plates are open -plates disappear and close shortly after adolescence -18 to 25 -growth in diameter continues throughout life |
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Osteoblasts Osteoclasts |
-resorb old bone |
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Wolff's Law |
-bone mass increases over time with increased stress |
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Processes that form joints
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Facet Head |
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Processes which ligaments, muscles or tendons attach |
crest, epicondyle, line, process, spine, suture, trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity
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Cavities (depressions)
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facet, foramen, fossa, fovea, meatus, sinus, sulcus |
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What are articulations and the 3 major classifications?
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-synarthrodial, amphiarthrodial, diarthrodial |
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Synarthrodial Joints
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Example: suture & gomphosis |
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Amphiarthrodial joints and their three sudivisions |
-syndesmosis, synchondrosis, symphysis |
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Syndesmosis
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-bones may or may not touch Example: coracoclavicular joint, distal tibiofibular joint |
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Syn/chondro/sis ^ (cartilage) |
-type of joint separated by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage that allows very slight movement between bone Example: costochondyal joints of the ribs with the sternum |
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Symphysis
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Example: symphysis pubis & intervertebral discs |
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Diarthrodial Joints
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Must be... -freely movable -have joint capsule -have synovial fluid -have hyaline cartilage absorbs shock & protects the bone (no pain because there is no blood flow) |
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Degrees of Freedom
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-motion in 2 planes - 2 degrees of freedom -motion in 3 planes - 3 degrees of freedom Diarthrodial joints have motion possible in one or more planes |
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6 types of Diarthrodial joints
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Arthrodial (gliding) Ginglymus (hinge) Tyochoid (Pivot) Condyloid Enarthrodial (ball & socket) Sellar |
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Arthrodial (gliding) Joints
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-little motion possible in any 1 joint -usually work together in series of articulations -motions: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, diagonal abduction & adduction, & rotation Example: tarsal & carpal bones, vertebral facets |
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Ginglymus (hinge) Joints
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-allow motion in any one plane Example: elbow, knee, talocrural (ankle) |
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Trochoid (pivot) Joints
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-also uniaxial articulation Example: c1 & c2, proximal and distal radioulnar joint |
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Condyloid (knuckle) Joints
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-biaxial ball & socket joint -one bone with an oval concave surface received by another bone with an oval convex surface Example: 2nd-5th metacarpophangeal or knuckle joints, wrist articulation between carpals & radius Motions: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction (circumduction) |
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Enarthrodial (ball & socket) Joints
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-bony rounded head fitting into a concave articular surface Example: hip & shoulder joints Motions: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation and circumduction |
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Sellar (saddle) Joints |
-only 1 example: 1st carpometacarpal joint @ thumb Motions: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction and slight rotation |
