Chapter 1

Front 1

Chemistry

Back 1

The study of composition, structure, and properties of matter and the changes it undergoes

Front 2

Organic Chemistry

Back 2

The study of most carbon-containing compounds.

Front 3

Inorganic

Back 3

The study of all substances not classified as organic, mainly those compounds that do not contain carbon.

Front 4

Physical

Back 4

The study of the properties and changes of matter and their relation to energy.

Front 5

Analytical

Back 5

The identification of the components and composition of materials.

Front 6

Biochemistry

Back 6

The study of substances and processes occurring in living things.

Front 7

Theoretical Chemistry

Back 7

The use of mathematics and computers to understand the principals behind observed chemical behavior and design to predict the properties of new compounds.

Front 8

Basic research

Back 8

Carried out for the sake of increasing knowledge. Example: How and why a specific reaction occurs and what the properties of a substance are.

Front 9

Applied research

Back 9

Generally carried out to solve a problem. Example: When refrigerants except into the upper atmosphere they damage the ozone layer, which helps block harmful ultra-violet rays from reaching the surface of Earth. In response to concerns that this atmospheric damage could pose potential health problems, chemists have developed new refrigerants.

Front 10

Technological Development

Back 10

Typically involves the production and use of products that improve our quality of life. Example: Computers, catalytic converters for cars, and biodegradable materials.

Front 11

Alchemy

Back 11

The process of a material breaking down or changing into another material. Example: Uranium breaks down in to Thorium, which eventually breaks down into lead.

Front 12

Mass

Back 12

A measure of the amount of matter. Example: 12kg

Front 13

Matter

Back 13

Anything that has mass and takes up space. Example: Everything.

Front 14

Atom

Back 14

The smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element. Example: One atom of carbon.

Front 15

Element

Back 15

A pure substance made of only one kind of atom. Example: Carbon.

Front 16

Compound

Back 16

A substance that is made from the atoms of two or more elements that are chemically bonded. Example: Water is a compound of hydrogen(H) and Oxygen(O). The formula for it is H2O.

Front 17

Molecule

Back 17

The smallest unit of an element or compound that retains all of the properties of that element or compound. Example: A molecule of water.

Front 18

Extensive Property

Back 18

Depends on the amount of matter that is present. Example: Volume, mass, and the amount of energy.

Front 19

Intensive Property

Back 19

Does not depend on the amount of matter present. Example: Melting point, boiling point, density, and the ability to conduct electricity and heat.

Front 20

Physical Property

Back 20

A characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance. They describe the substance itself. Example: Melting and boiling point.

Front 21

Physical Change

Back 21

A change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance itself. Example: grinding, cutting, melting, and boiling.

Front 22

Change of State

Back 22

The physical change of a substance from one state to another. Example: Ice put on a hot stove becomes water which eventually turns into water vapor. Solid -> liquid -> gas.

Front 23

Solid

Back 23

Matter that has a definite volume and definite shape. Example: A baseball.

Front 24

Liquid

Back 24

Matter that has a definite volume but not a definite shape. Example: Apple juice.

Front 25

Gas

Back 25

Matter that does not have a definite volume nor a definite shape. Example: Oxygen.

Front 26

Plasma

Back 26

A high temperature physical state of matter in which atoms lose their electrons. Example: Fluorescent light bulbs contain plasma.

Front 27

Chemical Property

Back 27

Relates to a substance’s ability to undergo changes that transform it into different substances. Example: Charcoal being able to burn in the air is a chemical property. When it burns it combines with oxygen in the air to be come a new substance, carbon dioxide gas.

Front 28

Chemical Change

Back 28

A change in which one or more substances are converted into different substances. Also known as a chemical reaction. Example: Charcoal burning converts it into carbon dioxide gas. The oxygen and charcoal combine to form a new substance, in this case.

Front 29

Reactants

Back 29

The substances that react in a chemical change. Example: Carbon and oxygen when charcoal is burned.

Front 30

Products

Back 30

The substances that are formed by the chemical change. Example: Carbon dioxide gas when charcoal is burned.

Front 31

Mixture

Back 31

A blend of two or more kinds of matter, each of which remains its own identity and properties. Example: Coffee is a mixture of coffee beans, water, cream, and sugar.

Front 32

Homogeneous Mixture

Back 32

A mixture that is uniform in composition. Example: A salt and water mixture.

Front 33

Heterogeneous Mixture

Back 33

A mixture that is not uniform in composition. Example: A clay and water mixture.

Front 34

Pure Substance

Back 34

Has a fixed composition and differs from a mixture in the following ways:
Every sample of a given pure substance has exactly the same characteristic properties.
Every sample of a given pure substance has exactly the same composition.

Front 35

Element Name:

Back 35

The name given to an element. Example: Oxygen.

Front 36

Element Symbol

Back 36

A one to tree letter abbreviation for an element. Most are the first one, two, or three letters of the element name. Some are the first one or two letters from the element’s older name. Example: Oxygen = O, but Sodium = Na.

Front 37

Groups

Back 37

The vertical columns of the periodic table. Also known as groups. Numbered 1 to 18 from left to right. Each group contains elements with similar chemical properties. Example: Group 2 = beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium. All of these are reactive metals with similar abilities to bond to other kids of atoms.

Front 38

Families

Back 38

Another word for groups.

Front 39

Periods

Back 39

The horizontal rows of elements n the periodic table. Physical and chemical properties change throughout a period. Elements that are close to each other in the same period tend to be more similar than elements that are farther apart. Example: From period 2, the elements lithium and beryllium, in groups 1 and 2, respectively, are somewhat similar in properties. However, their properties are very different from the properties of fluorine, the period-2 element in group 17.

Front 40

Metal

Back 40

An element that is a good conductor of heat and electricity. Most are solid at room temperature. Most metals are also malleable, meaning that they can be hammered into sheets. Example: Aluminum.

Front 41

Nonmetal

Back 41

Many are gasses at room temperature. An element that is a poor conductor of heat and electricity. Example: Oxygen.

Front 42

Metalloid

Back 42

An element that has some characteristics of metals and some characteristics of nonmetals. Example: Antimony.