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82 Cards in this Set
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John Smith
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he is the founder of Jamestown. It was located in a small island which was later called Virginia. May 24, 1607 settlers established 1st permanent English settlement in North America. Leader of the colony between Sep. 1608 - Aug. 1609 and lead exploration along the Chesapeake Bay.
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Jamestown
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the English settlers established a colony here in May 16 , 1607. Founded by the London Company.
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Joint Stock Company
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company sells transfered stock , but all shareholders have unlimited liability
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Indentured Service
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laborer or tradesman under a contract of an employer for a set period of time in exchange for food clothing + other necessities. 17th century 2/3 English settlers coming frm England were already servants
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Puritans
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is a group of English- speaking Protestants in the 16th + 17th century. It was activist movement within the Church of England . There religions groups were advocating greater " purity' of worship.
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John Winthrop
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obtained royal charter, frm King Charles I for the Massachusetts Bat Company + lead a group of English Puritans to the New World in 1630.
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King Philips War
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armed conflict between the Natives Americans living in South of New England vs. the English colonists and the native allies. June 1675 - August 1676. Plymouth.
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The headright system
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legal grant to settlers. They expanded the 13 British colonies in North America. Moat headrights were 1 - 100 acres. granted to anyone who would pay for the transportation costs of a laborer or indentured servant.
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The Calverts
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to create a refuge for English Catholics was established by George Calvert . settled what is now Maryland , five weeks before the charter came he died and left the land to his son
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Bacon's Rebellion
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was an uprising in 1676 in the Virginia Colony,led by Nathaniel Bacon ,a wealthy planter. Protest against Native American raids on the frontier. Rebellion resulted in Berkeley's being recalled to England
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William Penn
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English real state estate entrepreneur founder of the English North American colony and the future U.S. State of Pennsylvania. Under his authority the city of Philadelphia was planned and developed. Penn's urge for Union of all English colonies set the foundation for the U.S. Constitution.
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Quakers
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George Fox is said to be the founder of Quakerism. " religious Society of Friends " : range of independent religious organizations which origins trace to the Christian movement in mid- 17th century England and Wales
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mercantilism
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theory formed of economic nationalism. Dominated Western European economic policies frm the 16th to the late- 18th century . Suggests that ruling gov. should encourage exports and discourage imports, through the use of tariffs and subsidies
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navigation acts
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series of laws : restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England and its colonies that started in 1651. Formed basis for British overseas trade.The Navigation Act bill was passed in October 1651 by the Parliament of the Commonwealth of England led by Oliver Cromwell.
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Roger William
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American Protestant theologian + the 1st American proponent of religious freedom and the separation of church and state. 1636 he began the colony of Rhode Islands and Providence Plantations which provided refuge for religious minorities . Started First Baptist Church in America.
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Anne Hutchinson
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Pioneer settler in Massachusetts, Rhode Island and the unauthorized minister of a dissident church discussion group. She held Bible meetings that appealed to women then later men. She was banished frm the Massachusetts Bay colony. She is key to the develpoment of religious freedom in England's American colonies and the history of women in ministry.
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John Coodes
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he lead a rebellion that overthrew Maryland's colonial government in 1689. Participated in 4 uprising and briefly served as Maryland's governor ( 1689 - 1691)
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Rebellion
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refusal of obedience or order.In the United States, the term was used for the Continentals by the British in the Revolutionary War, and the Confederacy by the Union in the American Civil War.
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Incas
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Patchacuti founded the Inca Empire , became largest empire in pre- Columbian America , arose frm the highlamds of Peru sometimein early 13th century , Quechua was official language,worshiped Inti god
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Mayas
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fully developed written language of the pre-Columbian Americas ,established during the Pre-Classic period (c. 2000 BC to 250 AD)many Maya cities reached their highest state development during the Classic period (c. 250 AD to 900 AD), Mesoamerican civilization
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Aztecs
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spoke the Nahuatl language and who dominated large parts of Mesoamerica in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, various city states, made sacrifices to the gods on temples
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Chaco Canyon
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located in northwestern New Mexico, between Albuquerque and Farmington, Ancient Pueblo Peoples , Chacoans gathered sandstone blocks,people from this region migrated south, east, and west into the valleys and drainages of the Little Colorado River, the Rio Puerco, and the Rio Grande.
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Woodland Indians
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1000 BCE to 1000 CE in the eastern part of North America, culturally and technically advanced tribes who began permanently inhabiting villages, Woodland Indians are noted for the cultivation of crops in the fertile valleys of North Georgia, trade networks
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Mobile Societies ( Native Americans )
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some of them weren't really mobile societies , if superior power came into territory they would fight for land , or make a deal with them
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Agriculture (Natives)
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food gathering techniques including hunting, farming, and fishing , and raised livestock
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Leif Erikson
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Norse explorer regrarded as the first European to land in north America before Christopher Columbus, est. Norse settlement at Vinland , (c. 970 – c. 1020)
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Prince Henry The Navigator
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responsible for the beginning of the European worldwide explorations + maritime trade, gathered school of navigators and map-makers ,
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Christopher Columbus
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navigator, colonizer, and explorer from Genoa, Italy, whose voyages across the Atlantic Ocean led to general European awareness of the American continents in the Western Hemisphere, establishing a settlement on the island of Hispaniola, all funded by Isabella I of Castile, he initiated the process of Spanish colonization which foreshadowed general European colonization of the "New World".
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Ferdinand Magellan
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Portuguese explorer,search of a westward route to the "Spice Islands",Magellan's expedition of 1519–1522 became the first expedition to sail from the Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific Ocean,killed during the Battle of Mactan in the Philippines
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The Conquistadors
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The accounts of the conquistadors are those of men confronted with a new civilization, which they tried to interpret according to their own culture. Cortés was the most educated, and his letters to Charles V are a valuable firsthand account. Bernal Díaz del Castillo accompanied Cortes
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Cortes
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Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century, began 1sy phase of Spanish colonization of the Americans
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Fransisco Pizarro
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a Spanish conquistador, conqueror of the Incan Empire and founder of Lima, the modern-day capital of Peru,On 13 February 1502, he sailed from Spain with the newly appointed Governor of Hispaniola, Nicolás de Ovando y Cáceres, on a fleet of thirty ships. It was the largest fleet that had ever sailed to the New World. The thirty ships carried 2,500 colonists.
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Ordinance of Discovery ( Aztec)
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In 1520–1521, an outbreak of smallpox swept through the population of Tenochtitlan and was decisive in the fall of the city. It is estimated that between 10% and 50% of the population fell victim to this epidemic.
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Catholic Missions ( Native)
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early as 1519. Throughout the early 16th century the mission movement spread from the Caribbean to Mexico, Central America, parts of South America, and the Southwest United States. Spreading Christianity to the newly discovered continent was a top priority, but only one piece of the Spanish colonization system. A goal was to change the agricultural or nomadic Indian into a model of the Spanish people and society.
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St. Augustine 1565
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Pedro Menéndez de Avilés sighted land on August 28, 1565..Founded in 1565 by Spanish explorer and admiral, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, he claimed the region for the Spanish crown . this city the first permanent European settlement
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Ecomiendas
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labor system that was employed by the Spanish crown during the The receiver of the grant was to protect the natives from warring tribes and to instruct them in the Spanish language and in the Catholic faith. In return, they could exact tribute from the natives in the form of labor, gold or other products, such as in corn, wheat or chickens.
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Pueblo Revolt 1680
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Popé's Rebellion was an uprising of many pueblos of the Pueblo people against Spanish colonization of the Americas in the New Spain province of New Mexico. The attack was commenced by the Taos, Picuris, and Tewa Indians in their respective pueblos. result was Decisive Pueblo victory
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Mestizo
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Spanish term that was used during the Spanish colonial period in Latin America to refer to people of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry.The term was created specifically for those people of the particular racial mixture of Amerindian and European who comprise much of the population of Latin America..
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John Cabot
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Italian navigator and explorer whose 1497 discovery of North America is commonly held to be the first European voyage to the continent since Norse exploration of the Americas in the early eleventh century. Cabot was commissioned by another country.
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Richard Hakluyt
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(c. 1552 or 1553 – 23 November 1616) was an English writer. He is principally remembered for his efforts in promoting and supporting the settlement of North America by the English through his works, notably Divers Voyages Touching the Discoverie of America (1582) and The Principal Navigations, Voiages, Traffiques and Discoueries of the English Nation (1598–1600). an adviser to the East India Company, in which capacity he supplied them with maps and informed them as to markets..
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Doctrine of Predestination
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is a doctrine of Calvinism which deals with the question of the control God exercises over the world. In the words of the Westminster Confession of Faith, God "freely and unchangeably ordained whatsoever comes to pass." word "predestination" applies this to the salvation, and refers to the belief that God appointed the eternal destiny of some to salvation by grace
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The English Reformation
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series of events in 16th-century England by which the Church of England first broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church. These events were, in part, associated with the wider process of the European Protestant Reformation, a religious and political movement which affected the practice of Christianity across most of Europe during this period.factors contributed to the process:
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John Calvin
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was an influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism. After religious tensions provoked a violent uprising against Protestants in France, Calvin fled to Basel, Switzerland, where in 1536 he published the first edition of his seminal work Institutes of the Christian Religion.
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Puritan Separtists
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Separatists, or Independents, were English Protestants who occupied the extreme wing of Puritanism. The Separatists were severely critical of the Church of England and wanted to either destroy it or separate from it .The Separatists were also critical of the lax standards of public behavior, citing widespread drunkenness and the failure of many to keep the Sabbath properly.
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Elizabeth I.
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Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603) was Queen regnant of England and Queen regnant of Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty.Elizabeth set out to rule by good counsel,[1] and she depended heavily on a group of trusted advisers led by William Cecil, Baron Burghley. establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the Supreme Governor. poorly resourced military campaigns in the Netherlands, France and Ireland, the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 associated her name forever with what is popularly viewed as one of the greatest victories in English history.
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Coureurs de Bois
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was an individual who engaged in the fur trade without permission from the French authorities. The coureurs de bois, mostly of French descent, operated during the late 17th century and early 18th century in eastern North America, particularly in New France. Later, a limited number of permits were issued to coureurs des bois who became known as voyageurs. Competition was fierce especially in the upper country to trade with native trappers.
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New Amsterdam
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was a 17th-century Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of New Netherland. Provincial possession of the territory was accomplished with the first settlement, established on Governors Island in 1624. By 1609, the harbor and the river had been discovered, explored and charted by an expedition of the Dutch East India Company captained by Henry Hudson when he first sailed by what is now Manhattan.The town was founded in 1625 by Willem Verhulst
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West India Company
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was a chartered company (known as the "GWC") of Dutch merchants, founding fathers was Willem Usselincx . June 3, 1621, it was granted a charter for a trade monopoly in the West Indies (meaning the Caribbean) by the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands and given jurisdiction over the African slave trade, Brazil, the Caribbean, and North America.
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Sir Walter Raleigh
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English aristocrat, writer, poet, soldier, courtier, spy and explorer who is also largely known for popularising tobacco in England. was involved in the early English colonization of Virginia under a royal patent.In 1594 Raleigh heard of a "City of Gold" in South America and sailed to find it, publishing an exaggerated account of his experiences in a book that contributed to the legend of "El Dorado". After his search He returned to England, and to appease the Spanish was arrested and executed in 1618.
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Roanoke
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tribe were a Carolina Algonquian-speaking people whose territory comprised present-day Dare County, Roanoke Island and part of the mainland at the time of English exploration and colonization. The last known chief of the Roanoke was Wanchese, who traveled to England with colonists in 1584
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Lord De Lawar
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was the Englishman after whom the bay, the river, and, consequently, an American Indian people and U.S. state, all later called "Delaware", were named. He headed the 150 men who landed in Jamestown Virginia on June 10, 1610, just in time to persuade the original settlers not to give up and go home to England. He fought against the Powhatan's using their same tactics which proved result and became governor of Virginia
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Virginia Company
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a pair of English joint stock companies chartered by James I on 10 April 1606 with the purposes of establishing settlements on the coast of North America.two companies, called the "Virginia Company of London" (or the London Company) and the "Virginia Company of Plymouth" (or Plymouth Company) operated with identical charters but with differing territories.The charters of the companies called for a local council for each, but with ultimate authority residing with the King through the Council of Virginia in England.
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Powhatans
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is the name of a Virginia Indian tribe.It is estimated that there were about 14,000-21,000 of these native Powhatan people in eastern Virginia when the English settled Jamestown in 1607. They were also known as Virginia Algonquians, as they spoke an eastern-Algonquian language known as Powhatan.
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Maryland and the Calverts
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The Province of Maryland was an English colony in North America that existed from 1632 until 1776, when it joined the other twelve of the Thirteen colonies in rebellion against Great Britain and became the U.S. state of Maryland.
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Proprietary Rule
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Proprietary rule was unpopular in South Carolina almost from the start, mainly because propertied immigrants to the colony hoped to monopolize fundamental constitutions of Carolina as a basis for government. Moreover, many Anglicans resented the Proprietors' guarantee of freedom of religion to Dissenters.
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Toleration Act
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The Act granted freedom of worship to Nonconformists who had taken the oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy and formally rejected transubstantiation, i.e. Protestants who dissented from the Church of England such as Baptists and Congregationalists but not to Catholics. It allowed Nonconformists their own places of worship and their own teachers and preachers, subject to acceptance of certain oaths of allegiance.The Act was amended (1779)
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Plymouth Plantation
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was an English colonial venture in North America from 1620 to 1691. The first settlement was at New Plymouth, a location previously surveyed and named by Captain John Smith. The settlement, which served as the capital of the colony, is today the modern town of Plymouth, Massachusetts. Founded by a group of separatists and anglicans, who together later came to be known as the Pilgrim Fathers, Plymouth Colony was, along with Jamestown, Virginia. Aided by Squanto, a Native American of the Patuxet people, the colony was able to establish a treaty with Chief Massasoit which helped to ensure the colony's success.
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Mayflower Compact
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The Mayflower Compact was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony. It was written by the colonists, later together known to history as the Pilgrims, who crossed the Atlantic aboard the Mayflower.i t was signed on November 11, 1620 by 41 of the ship's more than one hundred passengers, in what is now Provincetown Harbor near Cape Cod.
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Colonial Currency
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The real was the currency of Spain's colonies in the Americas. The real was equal to the Spanish real de plata. Gold escudos (worth 16 reales) were also issued. The coins circulated throughout Spain's colonies and beyond, with the eight reales piece (also known as the Spanish dollar) becoming an international standard and spawning, among other currencies, the United States dollar.
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Theorcratic Society
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is a form of government in which a god or deity is recognized as the state's supreme civil ruler, or in a higher sense, a form of government in which a state is governed by immediate divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as divinely guided.
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Roger Williams
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was an American Protestant theologian, and the first American proponent of religious freedom and the separation of church and state. In 1636, he began the colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, which provided a refuge for religious minorities. Williams started the First Baptist Church in America Providence before leaving to become a Seeker. He was a student of Indian languages and an advocate for fair dealings with Native Americans.
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Pequot War
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was an armed conflict in 1634-1638 between an alliance of Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies with Native American allies (the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes) against the Pequot tribe. The result was the elimination of the Pequot as a viable polity in what is present-day Southern New England.
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The Narragansetts
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They escaped the epidemics that ravaged tribes further south on the coast in 1617.[1] European settlement in their territory did not begin until 1635, and in 1636 Roger Williams acquired land use rights from the Narragansett sachems.As the Native Americans suffered extensive losses from King Philip's War, the Narragansett absorbed members of other, smaller tribes to keep an Indian identity.
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English Civil War
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was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. The first (1642–46) and second (1648–49) civil wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third war (1649–51) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The Civil War ended with the Parliamentary victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651. The Civil War led to the trial and execution of Charles I
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Middle Colonies
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The Middle Colonies were explored by Henry Hudson on a journey into the Hudson River and Delaware Bay in 1609.[3] The Dutch soon claimed the land. Although the Swedes and the Dutch fought over the land in the 1630s through the 1650s, ultimately the Dutch claimed the land, calling it New Netherland
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Charter of Liberties
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also called the Coronation Charter, was a written proclamation by Henry I of England, issued upon his accession to the throne in 1100. It sought to bind the King to certain laws regarding the treatment of church officials and nobles.The document addressed abuses of royal power by his predecessor, his brother William Rufus, as perceived by the nobility, specifically the over-taxation of the barons, the abuse of vacant sees, and the practices of simony and pluralism.
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Black Codes
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After the abolition of slavery by the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, all former slave states adopted new Black Codes. During 1865 every Southern state passed Black Codes that restricted the Freedmen, who were emancipated but not yet full citizens.
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Holy Experiment
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was an attempt by the Quakers to establish a community for themselves in Pennsylvania. They hoped it would show to the world how well they could function on their own without any persecution.
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California 1760’s
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The first such expedition was in 1769, when a mission and presidio were established at San Diego; a company led by Gaspar de Portola then marched up the coast to establish a colony at Monterey
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James Oglethorpe
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was a British general, a philanthropist, and was the founder of the colony of Georgia. As a social reformer in Britain, he hoped to resettle Britain's poor, especially those in debtors' prison, in the New World. (22 December 1696 – 30 June 1785)
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Sir Edmond Andros
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was an early colonial English governor in North America, and head of Dominion of New England. In 1674 he became, by the appointment of the Duke of York (who later became James II), governor of the Province of New York and the Jerseys
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The Glorious Revolution
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also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (VII of Scotland and II of Ireland) in 1688 by a union of Parliamentarians with an invading army led by the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange) who, as a result, ascended the English throne as William III of England together with his wife Mary II of England.
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Willaim Bradford
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was an English leader of the settlers of the Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts, and was elected thirty times to be the Governor after John Carver died.(Plymouth governor)
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Cambridge Agreement
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as an agreement made on August 29, 1629, between the shareholders of the Massachusetts Bay Company. The Agreement led directly to the foundation of Boston, Massachusetts.The Cambridge Agreement was a deal over whether the Massachusetts Bay Colony would be under local control, in New England, or under the control of a corporate board in London.
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Church of England (Anglican)
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Anglicanism forms one of the branches of Western Christianity,independence from the Roman pontiff at the time of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, in what has been otherwise termed the British monachism. Many of the new Anglican formularies of the mid sixteenth century corresponded closely to those of contemporary Reformed Protestantism, founder was Queen Elizabeth II
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Covenenat Theology
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John Calvin ( Calvinism portal) is a conceptual overview and interpretive framework for understanding the overall flow of the Bible. It uses the theological concept of covenant as an organizing principle for Christian theology.
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Halfway Covenant
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was a form of partial church membership created by New England in 1662. It was promoted in particular by the Reverend Solomon Stoddard, who felt that the people of the English colonies were drifting away from their original religious purpose. First-generation settlers were beginning to die out, while their children and grandchildren often expressed less religious piety, and more desire for material wealth.
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Thomas Hooker
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was a prominent Puritan religious and colonial leader, who founded the Colony of Connecticut after dissenting with Puritan leaders in Massachusetts. He was known as an outstanding speaker and a leader of universal Christian suffrage. Hooker also had a role in creating the "Fundamental Orders of Connecticut", one of the world's first written constitutions.
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Saybrook Plattform
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efers to conservative religious proposals adopted at Saybrook, Connecticut in September 1708. The document attempted to stem the tide of disunity among the established Congregational churches and restore discipline among both the clergy and their congregations.In its "Fifteen Articles" the platform provided for "associations" of pastors and elders and "consociations" of churches, each with broad powers to rule in disputes between churches
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Joint Stock company
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1602, the Dutch East India Company issued shares on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange.
During the period of colonialism, the joint stock company Europeans, initially the British, trading with the Near East for goods, pepper and calico for example, enjoyed spreading the risk of trade over multiple sea voyages. The joint stock company became a more viable financial structure than previous guilds or state-regulated companies. The first joint-stock companies to be implemented in the Americas were The Virginia Company and The Plymouth Company. |
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Cavaliers (1642-1647)
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as the name used by Parliamentarians for a Royalist supporter of King Charles I during the English Civil War (1642–1651). Prince Rupert, commander of much of Charles I's cavalry
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John Locke
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29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704), widely known as the Father of Liberalism, was an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers. Considered one of the first of the British empiricists, following the tradition of Francis Bacon, he is equally important to social contract theory
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