Chapter 09 - Learning

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learning

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a relatively permanent change in behavior (or behavioral potential) due to experience

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behaviorism

Back 2

an approach to psychology that emphesizes the study of observable behavio and the role of the enviroment as the determinant of behavior

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conditioning

Back 3

a basic kind of learning that involves associations between enviromental stimuli and the organism's responses

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unditioned/al stimulus

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the classical conditioning term for a stimulus that elicits a reflexible response in the absence of learning

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unconditioned/al responses

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the classical conditioning term for a reflexive response elicited by a stimulus in the absence of learning

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conditioned/al stimulus

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the classical conditioning term for an initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus

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conditioned/al response

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the classical conditioning term for a response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus, it occurs after the conditioned stimulus is associated with an unconditioned stimulus

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classical conditioning (neutral stimulus)

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th process by which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to elicit a response through association with a stimulues that already elicits a similar or related response

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extinction

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a conditioning process in which the reinforcer is removed and a conditioned response becomes independent of the conditioned stimulus

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spontaneous recovery

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the reapparance of a learned response after its apparent extinction

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higher-order conditioning

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In classical conditioning, a procedure by which a new stimulus comes to elicit the conditioned response (CR) by virtue of being paired with an effective conditioned stimulus (CS) (eg, first pairings of tone and food, then pairings of bell and tone, until finally the bell elicits salivation by itself)

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stimulus generalization

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generalization: (psychology) transfer of a response learned to one stimulus to a similar stimulus

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stimulus discrimination

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the tendency o respond differently to two or more similar stimuli; in classical conditioning, it occurs when a stimulus similar to the CS fails to evoke the CR

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counterconditioning

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A procedure for weakening a classically conditioned response (CR) by connecting the stimuli that presently evoke it to a new response that is incompatible with the CR.

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operant conditioning

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learning which is guided by positive reinforcement.

Skinner showed that a rat which is rewarded when it operates on' its environment by pressing a lever will increase its number of lever-presses. It is therefore associating the stimulus (reinforcement) with its own behavior (response). This is referred to as SR conditioning.

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reinforcement

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reinforcing stimulus: (psychology) a stimulus that strengthens or weakens the behavior that produced it

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punishment

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Punishment is a term from Psychological Learning Theory that has a precise meaning; it refers to something that causes a behavior to lessen in intensity. There is nothing that is intrinsically punishing. A thing is called punishing if, when it is applied, it results in the reduction of behavior that you want to reduce.

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primary reinforcer

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a stimulus that is inherently reinforcing, typically satisfying a physiological need;; food

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primary punisher

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a stimulus that is inherently punishing; e.g. electric shock

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secondary reinforcer

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a stimulus tht has acquired reinforcing properties through association with other reinforcers. Money , praise, applause, good grades, awards, and gold stars.

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secondary punisher

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a stimulus that has acquired punishing properties through association with other punishers
criticism, demerits, catcalls, scolding, fines, and bad grades

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positive reinforcement

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the act of increasing the probability of occurrence of a given behavior (a target behavior, such as correct footwork) by following it with or presenting an action, object, or event such as praise, decals on helmet, or prizes and awards.

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negative reinforcement

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Reward generated by the removal of painful or stressful conditions or events.
e.g. nagging caeases

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positive punishment

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something unpleasant may occur following some behavior

teasing

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negative punishmen

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something pleasant may be removed

loss of time with friends to study

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extinction

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a conditioning process in which the reinforcer is removed and a conditioned response becomes independent of the conditioned stimulus

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stimulus generalization

Back 27

generalization: (psychology) transfer of a response learned to one stimulus to a similar stimulus

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stimulus discrimination

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in operant conditioning, the tendency of a response to occur in the presence of one stimulus but no in the presence of other, similar stimuli that differ from it on some dimension

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discriminative stimulus

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a stimulus that provides information about what to do

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continuous reinforcement

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a reinforcement schedule in which a particular response is always reinforced

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intermittent schedule of reinforcement

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a reinforcement schedule in which a particular response is sometimes but not always reinforced

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shaping

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Involves reinforcing behavior already in the repertoire of the individual, which approximates the goal. Use of positive reinforcement for successive approximations and operant extinction for other behaviors to establish the new learning.

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intermittent schedule of reinforcement

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a reinforcement schedule in which a particular response is sometimes but not always reinforced

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intermittent schedule of reinforcement

Back 34

a reinforcement schedule in which a particular response is sometimes but not always reinforced

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intermittent schedule of reinforcement

Back 35

a reinforcement schedule in which a particular response is sometimes but not always reinforced

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successive approximations

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in the procedure of shaping, behaviors that are ordered in terms of increasing similarity or closeness to the desired respnse

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shaping

Back 37

Involves reinforcing behavior already in the repertoire of the individual, which approximates the goal. Use of positive reinforcement for successive approximations and operant extinction for other behaviors to establish the new learning.

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intermittent schedule of reinforcement

Back 38

a reinforcement schedule in which a particular response is sometimes but not always reinforced

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shaping

Back 39

Involves reinforcing behavior already in the repertoire of the individual, which approximates the goal. Use of positive reinforcement for successive approximations and operant extinction for other behaviors to establish the new learning.

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instinctive drift

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during operant learing the tendency for an organism to revert to instinstive behavior

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behavior modification

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A systematic application of behavioral techniques to either teach or strengthen an already existing behavior or to decrease inappropriate behavior.

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successive approximations

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in the procedure of shaping, behaviors that are ordered in terms of increasing similarity or closeness to the desired respnse

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successive approximations

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in the procedure of shaping, behaviors that are ordered in terms of increasing similarity or closeness to the desired respnse

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extrinsic reinforcers

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rewards associated with the performance of a task ie, money, certification

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shaping

Back 45

Involves reinforcing behavior already in the repertoire of the individual, which approximates the goal. Use of positive reinforcement for successive approximations and operant extinction for other behaviors to establish the new learning.

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instrinsic reinforcers

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reinforcers that are inherently related to the activity being reinforced, such as enjoyment of the task and the satisfaction of the accomplishment

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instinctive drift

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during operant learing the tendency for an organism to revert to instinstive behavior

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latent learning

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Learning that occurs without being manifested by performance.

Conditioning in which the reward occurs some time following receipt of the stimulus.

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successive approximations

Back 49

in the procedure of shaping, behaviors that are ordered in terms of increasing similarity or closeness to the desired respnse

Front 50

shaping

Back 50

Involves reinforcing behavior already in the repertoire of the individual, which approximates the goal. Use of positive reinforcement for successive approximations and operant extinction for other behaviors to establish the new learning.

Front 51

instinctive drift

Back 51

during operant learing the tendency for an organism to revert to instinstive behavior

Front 52

behavior modification

Back 52

A systematic application of behavioral techniques to either teach or strengthen an already existing behavior or to decrease inappropriate behavior.

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behavior modification

Back 53

A systematic application of behavioral techniques to either teach or strengthen an already existing behavior or to decrease inappropriate behavior.

Front 54

successive approximations

Back 54

in the procedure of shaping, behaviors that are ordered in terms of increasing similarity or closeness to the desired respnse

Front 55

extrinsic reinforcers

Back 55

rewards associated with the performance of a task ie, money, certification

Front 56

instinctive drift

Back 56

during operant learing the tendency for an organism to revert to instinstive behavior

Front 57

instrinsic reinforcers

Back 57

reinforcers that are inherently related to the activity being reinforced, such as enjoyment of the task and the satisfaction of the accomplishment

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behavior modification

Back 58

A systematic application of behavioral techniques to either teach or strengthen an already existing behavior or to decrease inappropriate behavior.

Front 59

instinctive drift

Back 59

during operant learing the tendency for an organism to revert to instinstive behavior

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extrinsic reinforcers

Back 60

rewards associated with the performance of a task ie, money, certification

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social-cognitive theories

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theories that emphasie how behavior is learned and maintained through obsevation and imitation of others, positive consequences, and cognitive processes such as plans, expectations, and beliefs

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instrinsic reinforcers

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reinforcers that are inherently related to the activity being reinforced, such as enjoyment of the task and the satisfaction of the accomplishment

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observational learning

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A mechanism of socialization whereby a child observes another person who serves as a model and then proceeds to imitate what that model does.

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behavior modification

Back 64

A systematic application of behavioral techniques to either teach or strengthen an already existing behavior or to decrease inappropriate behavior.

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extrinsic reinforcers

Back 65

rewards associated with the performance of a task ie, money, certification

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instrinsic reinforcers

Back 66

reinforcers that are inherently related to the activity being reinforced, such as enjoyment of the task and the satisfaction of the accomplishment

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latent learning

Back 67

Learning that occurs without being manifested by performance.

Conditioning in which the reward occurs some time following receipt of the stimulus.

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latent learning

Back 68

Learning that occurs without being manifested by performance.

Conditioning in which the reward occurs some time following receipt of the stimulus.

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extrinsic reinforcers

Back 69

rewards associated with the performance of a task ie, money, certification

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social-cognitive theories

Back 70

theories that emphasie how behavior is learned and maintained through obsevation and imitation of others, positive consequences, and cognitive processes such as plans, expectations, and beliefs

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instrinsic reinforcers

Back 71

reinforcers that are inherently related to the activity being reinforced, such as enjoyment of the task and the satisfaction of the accomplishment

Front 72

observational learning

Back 72

A mechanism of socialization whereby a child observes another person who serves as a model and then proceeds to imitate what that model does.

Front 73

latent learning

Back 73

Learning that occurs without being manifested by performance.

Conditioning in which the reward occurs some time following receipt of the stimulus.

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social-cognitive theories

Back 74

theories that emphasie how behavior is learned and maintained through obsevation and imitation of others, positive consequences, and cognitive processes such as plans, expectations, and beliefs

Front 75

observational learning

Back 75

A mechanism of socialization whereby a child observes another person who serves as a model and then proceeds to imitate what that model does.

Front 76

social-cognitive theories

Back 76

theories that emphasie how behavior is learned and maintained through obsevation and imitation of others, positive consequences, and cognitive processes such as plans, expectations, and beliefs

Front 77

observational learning

Back 77

A mechanism of socialization whereby a child observes another person who serves as a model and then proceeds to imitate what that model does.

Front 78

latent learning

Back 78

Learning that occurs without being manifested by performance.

Conditioning in which the reward occurs some time following receipt of the stimulus.

Front 79

social-cognitive theories

Back 79

theories that emphasie how behavior is learned and maintained through obsevation and imitation of others, positive consequences, and cognitive processes such as plans, expectations, and beliefs

Front 80

observational learning

Back 80

A mechanism of socialization whereby a child observes another person who serves as a model and then proceeds to imitate what that model does.