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71 Cards in this Set
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Pyschology
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The discipline concerned with behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism's physical state, mental state, and external environment.
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Empirical
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Relying on or derived from observation, experimentation, or measurement.
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Wilhelm Wundt
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Was trained in medicine and philosophy, promoted a method called trained introspection, in which volunteers were taught to carefully observe, analyze, and describe their own sensations, mental images, and emotional reactions.
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Trained Introspection
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breaking behaviour down to its most basic elements by observing, analyzing, and describing ones on sensations, mental images, and emotional reactions.
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Functionalism
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Emphasizing the function of behavior, instead of its analysis and description.
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William James
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Functionalism leader who asked how various actions help a person or animal adapt to the environment.
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Sigmund Freud
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Created a practice which became known as psychoanalysis.
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Psychoanalysis
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A theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy, originally formulated by Sigmund Freud, that emphasizes unconcious motives and conflicts.
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Biological Perspective
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A psychological approach that emphasizes bodily events and changes associated with actions, feelings, and thoughts.
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Evolutionary Psychology
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A field of psychology emphasizing evolutionary mechanisms that may help explain human commonalities in cognition, developement, emotion, social practices, and other areas of behavior.
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Learning Perspective
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A psychological approach that emphasizes how the environment and experience affect a person's or animal's actions; it includes behaviorism and social-cognitive learning theories.
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Behaviorists
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Focus on the environmental rewards and punishers that maintain or discourage specific behaviors.
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Social cognitive learning theorists
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Combine elements of behaviorism with research on thoughts, values, and intentions.
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Cognitive Perspective
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A psychological approach that emphasizes mental processes in perception, memory, language, problem solving, and other areas of behavior.
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Sociocultural Perspective
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A psychological approach that emphasizes social and cultural influences on bevior.
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Psychodynamic Perspective
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A pyschological approach that emphasizes unconscious dynamics within the individual, such as inner forces, conflicts, or the movement of instintual energy.
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Humanist Psychology
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A psychological approach that emphasizes free will, personal growth, resilience, and the achievment of human potential.
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Psychological Practice
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Providing health or mental-health services.
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Basic Psychology
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The study of psychological issues in order to seek knowledge for its own sake rather than for its practical application.
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Applied Psychology
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The study of psychological issues that have a direct practical significance; also, the application of psychological findings.
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Applied Psychology
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The study of psychological issues that have a direct practical significance; also, the application of psychological findings.
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Counseling Psychologists
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Generally help people deal with problems of everyday life such as test anxiety, family conflicts, or low job motivation.
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School Psychologist
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Work with parents, teachers, and students to enhance students' performance and resolve emotional difficulties.
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Clinical Psychologist
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Diagnose, treat, and study mental or emotional problems.
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Psychotherapists
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Someone who does any kind of psychotherapy.
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Psychiatrist
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A medical doctor that has done a three year residency in psychiatry under supervision of a psychiatrist. Diagnose and treat mental disorders.
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Critical Thinking
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The ability and willingness to assess claims and make objective judgments on well support reasons and evidence rather than emotion or anecdote.
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Hypothesis
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A statement that attempts to predict or to account for a set of phenomena.
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Operational Definition
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A precise defintion of a term in a hypothesis which specifies the operations for observing and measuring the process or phenomenon being defined.
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Principle of falsifiability
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The principle that a scientific theory must make predicitions that are specific enough to expose the theory to the possibility of disconfirmation.
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Theory
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An organized system of assumptions and principles that purports to explain a specified set of phenomena and their interrelationships.
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Replicate
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Replication is an essential part of the scientific process because what seems to be a phenomenon turns out to be a bullshit.
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Descriptive methods
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Methods that yield descriptions of behavior but not necessarily causal explanations
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Case study
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A detailed description of a particular individual being studied or treated.
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Observational study
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a study in which the researcher carefully and systematically observes and records behavior without interfering with the behavior;it may involve either naturalistic or lab observation
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naturalistic observation
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how people or animals act in their normal surroundings
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Lab observation
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making observations in a lab
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Psychological tests
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procedure used to measure and evaluate personality traits, emotional states, aptitutes, interests, abilities and values.
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Standardize
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to develop uniform procedures for giving and scoring a test
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norms
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in tests, established stardards of performance
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reliability
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in tests, the consistency of test scores from one time and place to another
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validity
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ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure
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surveys
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questionnaires and interviews that ask people directly about their experiences, attitudes and opinions
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representative sample
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a group (target market) of individuals selected from a population for study
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volunteer bias
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shortcoming of findings derived from a sample of volunteers
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correlational study
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a descriptive study that looks for consistent relationship between two phenomena
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correlation
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a measure of how strong 2 variables are related
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variables
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characteristic of behavior that can be measured or described by a numeric scale
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positive correlation
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an assoc between increases in one variable and increases in the other (both go up/down)and likewise in decreases
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negative correlation
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an association between increases in one variable and decreases in another (one up the other down)
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coefficient correlation
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a measure of correlation that ranges in value from -1.00 to +1.00. Perfection is 1
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experiment
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a controlled test of hypothesis in which the researcher manipulates one variable to discover its effect on the other
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informed consent
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most voluntarily consent to participate and must know enough about the study to make an intelligent decision
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independent variable
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a variable that experimenters manipulate
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dependent variable
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a variable that is dependent on the independent variable
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control condition
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a comparison condition in which subjects are not exposed to the same treatment as those in the xperimental condition
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experimental and control groups
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the groups in studies are assigned to either of these
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random assignment
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a procedure for randomly assigning people to an experiment
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placebo
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an inactive substance or fake treatment used as a control in an experiment
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single blind study
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an experiment in which subjects do not know which control group they're in
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experimenter effects
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unintended changes in behavior due to cues inadvertenly given by the experimenter
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double blind study
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neither participant nor experimenter know which group is the control or experimental
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field research
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research conducted in a natural setting
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descriptive statistics
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statistics that organize and summarize research data (averages etc)
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arithmethic mean
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an average
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standard deviation
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indicates the average difference between scores and a distribution and their mean
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inferential statistics
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statistical proc. that allow researchers to draw inferences about study results
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significance tests
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statistical test that assess how likely it is tha a study's results ocurred merely by chance
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cross sectional study
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a study in which individual of different ages are compared at a given time
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longitudinal study
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a study in which individuals are followed an peridiocally reassesed over time (stalked)
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meta analysis
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a proc. for combining and analyzing data from many studies; it determines how much of a variation in scores in all studies can be explained by a particular variable
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