Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Categories: |
groups of objectsthat belong to the same class of objects Allow us to make inferences and act appropriately Reduces our need for constant learning Reduces complexity of the worlds |
|
|
Classical categorization: |
classify according to specific rules ordefinitions Problem:many categories are not captured by any single definition and hard to come upwith a definition that encapsulates all the members of a category Fuzzy boundaries: suggest category members have a typical or characteristic features, rather than defining ones Graded membership: some items are better members of their category Family resemblance: category members tend to share certain core features but not all members have every single one |
|
|
Prototype approach |
prototype:mental representation of the typical or average member of the category Graded membership High family resemblance - the more features that an item has in common with ( most ) other members of the category the more prototypical it is Verified more quickly - Sentence verification technique: Are named first - make a list prototypical items are often listed first Effected more by priming: Primewill speed up RT only is the prime contains some info needed to respond |
|
|
Sentence verification technique: |
presented two sentences that are both tru about a category but takes longer to asner one compared to the other |
|
|
Exemplar approach: |
involvescomparing somting against stored representation "exemplars" Don’t look at the average, each member of a cataogry is an examplar and we make many comparisons Pros- wouldn’t lose info about variability exceptions Con- massive amount of info to store |
|
|
Hierchical organization: |
large, general categories can be broken downinto smaller and smaller ones Superordinate ( global ) - very broad Basic level - moderatly specific Typically used to identify objects Faster at producing and verifying More likely to produce priming effect Maximizes storage-info tradeoff Basic level can differ from person to person Experts use more specific terms Subordinate - highly specific |
|
|
Collins and Quillian model |
takes time t travel from node to node number of links between concepts --> time to retrieve info Problem- people slower at verifying a pomegranate is a fruit compared to an apple butthey both have the same distance travel |
|
|
Spreading activation: |
thinkingabout a concept activates that node and activation spreads to connected nodes Activation decreases farther you go Closely linked concepts - better priming |
|
|
collins and lotfus model |
interlinked nodes without hierarchical - more like a web of info still have spending activation and concepts are more or less strongly associated distance between concepts - determined by knowledge and experience accounts for typicality effect, priming, individual diff ( expertise ) |
|
|
Spontaneous generalization: |
inferenceabout a large group based on a few observations |
|
|
Default assignment: |
makeinference about a specific member of a category |
|
|
Graceful degradation: |
gradualloss of function with damage or illness Lose some neurons or circuits but still have function just impaired |
|
|
Gilbert et al - oddball task |
participants sees a ring with one item in it being different oddball either from same of diff category Same results for same and different category in left visual field but faster when diff category in the right visual field Right visual field goes to left hemisphere wich is language |
|
|
preferential looking paradigm ( familiarization/novelty preference procedure ) |
familiarization : show child pic of items from procedure preference task - show two pics at once one is a novel member of old category and one is novel member of new category cild 3.5 mnths can discriminate cat and dog animals and furnitue 2 months above/below or left/right before 2 months |
