Chaps 2&3 Vocab

Front 1

respiration

Back 1

exchange of gas between an organism and its environment

Front 2

inspiration

Back 2

bringing oxygen to the cells of the body to sustain life by breathing in

Front 3

expiration

Back 3

eliminate waste products by breathing out

Front 4

air pressure

Back 4

force exerted on walls of a chamber by molecules of air

P=F/A

Front 5

positive pressure

Back 5

when the volume of a chamber is reduced so molecules are much closer together and the pressure increases

Front 6

negative pressure

Back 6

when the chamber has decreased because of the molecules being further apart; air enters the container until pressure is equalized

Front 7

vertebral column

Back 7

structure that doubles as the conduit for the spinal cord

five divisions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal

thorax is suspended here

Front 8

pelvic girdle

Back 8

attaches the lower extremities to the vertebral column

provides strong structure for attaching legs to the vertebral column

made of the ilium, sacrum, pubic bone and ischium

Front 9

pectoral girdle

Back 9

aka shoulder girdle and includes scapula and clavicle

supports the upper extremities

Front 10

scapula

Back 10

has its only skeletal attachment to the pectoral girdle via the clavicle which only attaches at the sternum

several muscles that hold it in a tension that facilitates flexible upper body movement without compromising strength

Front 11

clavicle

Back 11

aka collarbone

attached to superior sternum, running laterally to join with the winglike scapula

Front 12

sternum

Back 12

pectoral girdle (scapula and clavicle) attach here

has articular cavities for costal attachment

Front 13

trachea

Back 13

flexible tube, approx 11 cm that runs from inferior border of larynx where if bifurcates (divides) at the carina

draws air into the lungs and expels it but pressure tends to collapse or expand tissue so it must be both rigid and flexible

Front 14

carina

Back 14

point of bifurcation at trachea to become left and right mainstem bronchi which serve the left and right lungs

Front 15

bronchial tubes

Back 15

passage of airway in the respiratory tracts that conducts air into the lungs

no gas exchange takes place in this part of the lungs

Front 16

esophagus

Back 16

long, collapsed tube running parallel to and behind the trachea that provides a conduit to the digestive system

retains its collapsed condition except when occupied with a bolus of food being propelled by gravity and peristaltic contractions

Front 17

bronchial tree

Back 17

increasingly smaller tubes as one progresses into the depths of the lungs but total surface area at any level is greater than the level before it

Front 18

terminal bronchiole

Back 18

a bronchiole at the end of the conducting zone

Front 19

alveoli

Back 19

a small sac or cavity that in numbers forms the alveolar sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs

each alveolus is fed by a rich blood supply via and is lined with a moist membrane where oxygen and carbon dioxide, the respiratory gases, are exchanged

Front 20

cilia

Back 20

hairlike processes that cover from the nose to the beginning of the bronchi

beat more than 1000 times per minute to move material up the bronchi to the level of the vocal folds in the larynx

Front 21

mucus

Back 21

dense fluid product of the mucous membrane tissue and can be swallowed without a problem

Front 22

vertical dimension

Back 22

superior-inferior dimension

when the diaphragm is contracted

Front 23

transverse dimension

Back 23

when the rib cage is enlarged

aka antero-posterior and lateral dimensions

Front 24

pleural lining

Back 24

completely cover the lungs and inner thoracic wall to provide a means of smooth contact for rough rissue

also a mechanism for translating the force of thorax enlargement into inspiration

Front 25

quiet inspiration

Back 25

requires only one muscle

inflate the lungs by contracting the diaphragm or elevate the rib cage with little effort

Front 26

forced inspiration

Back 26

calls many more muscles

diaphragm needs to help meet the needs of your body

pulls thorax down and in and by forcing the diaphragm higher into the thorax

Front 27

abdominal aponeurosis

Back 27

structure that contains the linea alba that differentiates into sheets and divides once again into three sheets to provide us with a way to attach three more muscles to this structure; rib cage, vertebral column and pelvic girdle

Front 28

passive expiration

Back 28

let forces inherent to tissues restore the system to a resting position after inspiration

driven by the forces of elasticity and gravity

Front 29

active expiration

Back 29

use muscular effort to push just a little farther

Front 30

minute volume

Back 30

volume of air involved in 1 minute of respiration (6000-8000 mL of air or 6-8 liters)

Front 31

quiet total respiration

Back 31

adults complete between 12 and 18 cycles of respiration per minute where a cycle is defined as one inspiration and one expiration

Front 32

volume

Back 32

quantities involved in gas exchange- measured in L, mL, cubic centimeters (cc) and on occasion cubic inches

discrete compared to capacity

Front 33

capacity

Back 33

more functional unites used to refer to combinations of volumes that express physiological limits

represent functional combinations of volumes

Front 34

tidal volume

Back 34

volume of air we breathe in during a respiratory cycle

precise measurement is difficult because it varies as a function of physical exertion, body size and age

Front 35

inspiratory reserve volume

Back 35

volume that can be inhaled after a tidal inspiration

volume of air that is in reserve for use BEYOND the volume you would breathe in tidally

volume is about 2475 cc (2.475 L)

Front 36

expiratory reserve volume

Back 36

amount of air that can be expired following passive, tidal expiration

1000 cc (1.0 L) also referred to as RLV (resting lung volume) because it is the volume present in lungs after a passive exhalation

Front 37

residual volume

Back 37

volume remaining the the lungs after a maximum exhalation (about 1.1 L)

this exists because the lungs are stretched as a result of the relatively expanded thorax

Front 38

dead space air

Back 38

the volume that cannot undergo gas exchange in the lungs and is normally about 150 cc

cannot be expelled

Front 39

vital capacity

Back 39

represents capacity available for speech and is the combination of IRV, ERV and TV

represents the total volume of air that can be inspiration after a maximal expiration

VC=IRV + ERV + TV so about 4000 cc

Front 40

alveolar pressure

Back 40

aka pulmonic pressure which is present within the individual alveolus

may be indirectly estimated by having an individual swallow a balloon and breathe

during inspiration, the thorax expands and decreases the negative intrapleural pressure so the lung volume goes negative

Front 41

intrapleural pressure

Back 41

or pleural pressure that will be negative throughout respiration and is the pressure in the space between the parietal and visceral pleurae

when one attempts to separate visceral from parietal pleurae, a negative pressure ensues

increases negativity throughout inspiration

Front 42

subglottal pressure

Back 42

pressure measured beneath the level of the vocal folds

when vocal folds are open, intraoral, subglottal and alveolar pressure are the same

Front 43

intraoral

Back 43

respiratory pressure measured within the oral vacity

Front 44

atmospheric pressure

Back 44

all pressures (oral, subglottal, alveolar, intrapleural and intraoral) are measured relative to this

Front 45

recoil forces

Back 45

forces that drive the respiratory system back to equilibrium after inspiration or expiration