Chaper 8

Front 1

biogenesis

Back 1

the formation of new living organisms

Front 2

organic monomers

Back 2

form under conditions that simulate early earth

Front 3

organic polymers

Back 3

created through bonded monomers

Front 4

Bacteria vs Archaea

Back 4

Bacteria:
found everywhere
Archaea:

found in extreme conditions

Front 5

Cell Wall

Back 5

nearly all prokaryotes have them

Front 6

Flagella

Back 6

propel cells

Front 7

Capsule

Back 7

provides protection and allows cell to stick to surfaces

Front 8

Endospore

Back 8

a thick-shelled protective container for harsh conditions

some prokaryotes can form them

Front 9

binary fission

Back 9

the reproduction process of prokaryotes. splitting in half

can result in a huge population of prokaryotes in a short period of time

Front 10

Cocci

Back 10

cells with a spherical shape that may be found alone, in chains, or clustered

Front 11

Bacilli

Back 11

rod-shaped cells that may be found alone or in chains

Front 12

spiral

Back 12

curved shaped prokaryotes, mostly occur alone

Front 13

biofilms

Back 13

organized colonies of one or several species of prokaryotes attached to a surface, such as a rocks or living tissue

Front 14

methanogens (3)

Back 14

archaea that emits methane as a waste product of their metabolism. found in thick mud at the bottom of a swamp/bog. they thrive in oxygen-free conditions within landfills

Front 15

halophiles

Back 15

archaea that love salt rich enviorments

Front 16

thermophiles

Back 16

archaea that love extreme tempurature

Front 17

nitrogen-fixers

Back 17

in the soil, bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that plants can use

Front 18

decomposers

Back 18

organisms that breaks down dead organisms, without them plants and animals could not survive

Front 19

sewage treatment

Back 19

microbes decompose the sludge helping to recycle the nutrients

Front 20

bioremediation

Back 20

bacteria can be used to remove pollutants from the enviorment

Front 21

pathogens

Back 21

the relatively few species of bacteria that can cause serious illness

Front 22

bacteria DNA transfer mechanisms (4)

Back 22

Transformation

Transduction

Conjugation

Plasmid transfer

Front 23

transformation

Back 23

pieces of DNA may be taken up by other bacteria and intergrated

Front 24

bacteriophage (phage)

Back 24

a virus that infects bacteria

Front 25

transduction

Back 25

a (bacterio-)phage transfers DNA

Front 26

sex pilus (pili)

Back 26

a hollow extension from a donor cell. Used to form a physical connection to a recipient cell

Front 27

conjugation

Back 27

the doner cell transfers a chromosome copy through a mating bridge

Front 28

plasmid

Back 28

a small circular DNA molecule that resides in the cytoplasm of a bacterium

Front 29

endomembrane system

Back 29

consists of interconnected internal membranes and membrane-enclosed organelles

Front 30

internal membrane evolution theories (2)

Back 30

An inward folding of the plasma membrane.

The engulfment of other free living cells.

Front 31

endosymbiosis

Back 31

when one species lives inside another host species

Front 32

organelles evolved through endosymbiosis (2)

Back 32

mitochondria and chloroplast appear to have evolved from small, free-living prokaryotes that were engulfed by another prokaryotic cell

Front 33

protist

Back 33

used to describe all eukaryotes that do not belong to the plant animal or fungus kingdoms

Front 34

Protozoans

Back 34

protists that obtain nutrients primarily by eating

Front 35

Amoebas

Back 35

single celled protists with great flexibility in their body form

Front 36

slime molds

Back 36

protist that resemble fungi in appearance and lifestyle

Front 37

Algae

Back 37

photosynthetic protists able to produce their own food from sunlight

Front 38

multicellular evolution steps (4)

Back 38

unicellular protists

colony

specialization

gametes

Front 39

why are viruses not considered alive

Back 39

they dont have cells

they cannot reproduce on its own

Front 40

structure of a virus

Back 40

Recognition spike: allows a virus to infect a specific cell type

nucleic acid: viruses have genes made of DNA or RNA

Capsid: a protein container

Front 41

the lytic cycle

Back 41

viral DNA replicates using the cell's machinery

this culminates in the death of the host cell

Front 42

the lysogenic cycle

Back 42

viral DNA is inserted in bacterial chromosome

Virus remains dormant for long periods

Front 43

AIDS

Back 43

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome caused by HIV

Front 44

HIV

Back 44

human immunodeficiency virus. a retrovirus with an RNA genome

Front 45

retrovirus

Back 45

is a single-stranded positive-senseRNA virus with a DNA intermediate and, as anobligate parasite, targets a host cell

Front 46

reverse transcriptase

Back 46

the process HIV uses to convert RNA into DNA

Front 47

prion

Back 47

an infectious protein, a misshapen version of a normal brain protein. capable of clustering together and disrupting brain function.

Front 48

Viroid

Back 48

do not encode proteins but can replicate in host plant cells by using the host own cellular enzymes