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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Goal of Reproduction
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To ensure continued existence through:
Gamete Formation Fertilization |
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Gamete
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Reproductive cells(spermatozoa or oocytes) that contain half the normal chromosome complement
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Gamete Formation
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The formation of functional male and female reproductive cells.
-Male Gametes-spermatazoa -Female Gametes- Oocytes |
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Mitosis
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-Is part of somatic cell division
-Produces 2 diploid daughter cells: both have identical pairs of chromosomes |
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Meiosis
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-Involved only in the production of gametes: Spermatozoa in males, ova in females
-Human body contain 46 chromosomes and meiosis divides chromosomes in half - gametes contain 23 chromosomes -they are haploid |
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Fertilization
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-Fusion of male and female gametes produces: zygote with 46 chromosomes
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Gonads
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organs that produce gamtes and hormones
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Ducts
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receive and transport gametes
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Accessory Glands
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Secrete fluids into ducts
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Perineal Structures
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collectively known as external genitalia
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The Reproductive Tract
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Includes all chambers and passageways that connect ducts to the exterior of the body
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Pathway of Spermatozoa
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1)Testies
2)Epididymis 3)Ductus deferens(vans deferens) 4)Ejaculatory Duct 5)Urethra |
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Accessory Organs of male
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Secrete fluids into ejaculatory duct and urethra:
Seminal Vesicles Prostate Gland bulbourethral glands |
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External Genitalia
Scortum |
encloses the testies
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External genitalia
Penis |
-erectile organ
-contains distal portion of the urethra |
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Testies
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-egg shaped
-5cm long, 3cm wide, 2.5 cm thick -weighs 10-15g -Hangs in scrotum |
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The Scrotum
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-Is a fleshy pouch
-Suspended inferiorly to the perineum -anterior to the anus -posterior to the base of the penis |
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The fetus:formation of the testis
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-testes form inside the body cavity
-are adjacent to the kidneys |
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The Fetus:Gubernaculum Testis
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-is a bundle of connective tissue fibers
-extends from testis to pockets of the peritoneum -Locks testis in position(near anterior abdominal wall)as fetus grows |
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The fetus development of tetis by the 7th month
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-Fetus grows rapidly
-Circulating hormones: stimulate contraction of the gubernaculum testis and pulls testies into scrotum -each testis: moves through abdominal musculature and are accompanid by pockets of peritoneal cavity |
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Peritoneum
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The serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity.
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Cryptorchidisum
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-One or both testes have failed to descend by birth
-Corrective surgery is needed before puberty -If both testis are cryptorchid the individual will be sterile |
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Accessory Stuctures in male
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-Accompany testis during descent
-Form body of spermatic cord: -ductus deferens -testicular blood vessels,nerves,lymphatic vessels |
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The Spermatic Cords
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-Extend between abdominopelvic cavity and testes(connective Tissues)
-Consist of layers 0f fascia and muscle -Enclose ductus deferens,blood vessels,nerves,and lymphatic vessels of tetis |
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Pathway of Spermatic Cords
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-Passes through inguinal Canal
-Descends into the scrotum |
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The Inguinal Canals-Male
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-Are passageways through abdominal musculature
-Form during development as testes descend into the scrotum |
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The female inguinal canals
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-Are very small
-Contain ilioinguinal nerves aand round ligaments of uterus(instead of testes) |
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The Scrotum
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-Is divided into two chambers,or SCROTAL CHAMBERS
-Each testis lies in a seperate scrotal chamber |
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Raphe
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-is a raised thickening in the scrotal surface
-Marks partition of 2 scrotal chambers |
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Tunica Vaginalis
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-Is a serous membrane(have fluid inbetween two layers parietal and visceral(against organ))
-Lines scrotal cavity -Reduces friction between opposing surfaces: -Parietal(scrotal) -Visceral(testicular) |
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The Dartos Muscle
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-Is a layer of smooth muscle in dermis of scrotum
-Causes characteristic wrinkleing of scrotal surface |
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The Cremaster Muscle
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-Is a layer of skeletal muscle deep to the dermis
-Tenses scrotum and pulls testes closer to body for temp regulation |
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Temerature Regulation
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-Normal sperm development in the body requires temps 1.1C(2F) lower than body temp.
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Tunica Albuginea
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-Structure of the testis
-A dense layer of connective tissue fibers -the fibers are continuos with those surrounding the epididymis -Deep to the tunica Vaginalis -They extend into the substance of the testis where there form septa(fibourous partitions),converge near the entrance of the epididymis -The connective tissues in this region support bllod and lymphatic vessels that supply and drain the tetsis and efferent ductules which transport spermatozoa to epididymis |
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Septa
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-Divide testis into two lobules
-Structure of Testis |
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Lobules
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-Structure of the testis
-Contain about 800 slender and tightly coiled seminiferous tubules |
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Seminiferous Tubules
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-Produce Sperm
-Each is about 80cm long -Testis contain about 1/2mile of tightly coiled seminiferous tubules -Each one forms a loop connected to rete testis |
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Rete Testis
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-a network of pasageways
-15-20 large efferent ductules connect the rete testis to the epididymis |
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Interstitial Cells(cells of Leydig)
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-Produce androgens
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Androgens
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-Dominant male sex hormones
-Produced by the interstitial cells |
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Testosterone
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-the most important androgen
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Spermatogenesis
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-Process of sperm production
-Begins at the outermost cell layer in seminiferous tubules -Proceeds toward lumen |
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Step 1 of Spermatogenesis
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-Stem cells(spermatogonia)divide by mitosis: to produce two daughter cells
-One remains as spermatogonium(stem cells), the second differenitiates into primary spermatocyte |
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Step 2 of Spermatogenesis
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-Primary spermatocyte:
-Begin Meiosis -form secondary spermatocytes |
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Step 3 of Spermatogenesis
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-Secondary spermatocyets:
differentiate into spermatids(immature gametes) |
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Step 4 of Spermatogenesis
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-Spermatids:Differentiate into spermatozoa
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Step 5 of Spermatogenesis
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-Spermatozoa:Lose contact with wall of seminiferous tubule and enter the fluid in the lumen
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Contents in Seminiferous tubules
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-Spermatogonia
-Spermatocytes at various stages of meiosis -Spermatids -Spermatozoa -large sustentacular cells(steroli cells) |
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Sustentacular Cells(Steroli Cells)
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-Are attached to tubular capsule
-Extend to lumen between other types of cells |
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Tube,Ductwork and Pathway for spermatozoa
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-Epididymis
-Vans Deferens(Ductus Deferens) -Ejaculatory ducts -Prostatic Urethra -penile urethra |
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Spermatozoon(Sperm)Structure:Anatomy of a Spematozoon
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-Head
-Middle piece -Tail |
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Sperm:Head
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-Is a flattened ellipse
-Contains nucleus and chromosomes -Acrosomal Cap at the tip of the head is a membranous compartment The acrosomal cap contains a enzymes essential to fertilization |
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Sperm:Neck
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-Attaches to the head to the middle piece
-Contains centrioles of original spermatid:microtubules are continous to middle piece and tail |
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Centriole
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-A cylindrical intracellular organelle composed of nine groups of microtubules,three in each group;functions in mitosis and meiosis by organizing microtubules of the spindle apparatus
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Sperm:middle piece
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-contains mitochondria:in spiral around microtubules
-activity provides ATP to move tail |
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Sperm:Tail
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Is the only flagellum in the human body
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Sperm:Flagellum,
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-Is a whiplike organelle
-Moves cell from one place to another -Has complez corkscrew motion |
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Sperm:Loss of organelles
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Mature spermatozoon lacks:
-endoplasic reticulum -Golgi Apparatus -lysosomes -peroxisomes -inclusions -other intracellular stuctures -reduces sperm size and mass -sperm must absorb nutrients(fructose)from surrounding fluid |
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Spermatocyte
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A cell of the seminferous tubule that is engaged in meiosis
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Funtionally Immature Spermatozoa
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-Are incapable of locomotion or fertilization
-Are moved by cilia lining efferent ductules into the epididymis |
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The Epididymis
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-Is the start of the male reproductive tract
-Receives spermatozoa from efferent ductules -Primary storage location for spermatozoa |
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3 functions of the epididymis
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-Monitors and adjusts fluid produced by seminiferous tubules
-Recycles damaged spermatozoa -Stores and protects spermatozoa: facilitates functional maturation |
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Spermatozoa Leaving Epididymis
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-Are mature but remian immoble
-To become motile and funtional: spermatozoa undergo capacitation |
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2 steps in capacitation
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-Spermatozoa become motile: when mixed with secretions of seminal vesicles
-Spermatozoa become capable of fertilization:when exposed to female reproductive tract |
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The Ductus Deferens
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-Is lined by ciliated epithelium:Peristaltic contractions propel spermatozoa and fluid
-Can store spermatozoa for ssveral months:in state of suspended animation |
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The Ejaculatory Duct
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-Is a short passageway(2cm)
-at junction of ampulla and seminal vesicle duct -penetrates wall of prostate gland -empties into urethra |
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Male urethra
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-used by urinary and reproductive system
-extends 18-20cm -from urinary bladder to tip of penis |
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Seminal Fluid
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-Is a mixture of secretions from many glands
-Each with distinctive biochemical characteristics Important glands include Seminal vesicles prostate gland bulbourethral gland |
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4 major funtions of male glands
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-Activating spermatozoa
-Providing nutrients spermatozoa need for motility -Propelling spermatozoa and fluids along reproductive tract:mainly by peristaltic contractions -Producing buffers:to counteract acidity of urethral and vaginal environments |
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The Seminal Vesicles
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-Are short tubular glands
-Are extremely active secretory glands -Produce about 60% of semen volume |
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Compostion of Vesicular Fluid
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-High concentration of fructose:easily metabolized by spermatozoa
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