Chap 7

Front 1

fluid volume deficit
(causes)

Back 1

vomiting, diarrhea or GI suctioning (most common) GI fluid losses, excess urine output: diuretics, diabetes, hemorrhage, sweating, fever, draining wounds, burns, fluid shifts (third-spacing, causes edema), inadequate fluid intake
= hypovolemia

Front 2

fluid volume deficit
(manisfestations)

Back 2

fatigue, altered mantation, postural hypotension, tachycardia, weak, thready periheral pulses, weight loss, flat neck veins, low CVP, dry skin, poor turgor, decreased urine output, concentrated urine; may be sen within minutes or hours

Front 3

fluid volume deficit
(lab values)

Back 3

increased serum osmolality
increased hematocrit
increased urine-specific gravity

Front 4

fluid volume excess
(causes)

Back 4

renal failure, heart failure, cirrhosis of the liver, medications, excess fluid intake, excess sodium intake

Front 5

fluid volume excess
(manifestations)

Back 5

hypertension, tachycardia, full, bounding peripheral pulses, high resp. rate, moist crackles, wheezes, weight gain, distended neck veins, high CVP, dependant edema, puffy; protrude

Front 6

fluid volume excess
(lab values)

Back 6

decreased serum osmolality
decreased hematocrit
decreased urine - specific gravity

Front 7

fluid volume deficit in older adults

Back 7

decreased thirst perception, decreased total body water, age-related changes in renal function and the ability to regulate body temperature, self-lmiting of fluids due to fear of incontinence, self-care deficits or disabilities that limit access to fluids, cognitive impairments (confusion, dementia, depression), medications such as diuretics, sedatives

Front 8

water

Back 8

primary component of body fluids, transports nutrients & oxygen to the cells, and waste products such as carbon dioxide away from the cells, provides a medium for metabolic reactions within the cells, insulates & helps regulate & maintain body temperature, provides form for body structure and acts as a shock absorber and acts as a lubricant

Front 9

electrolytes

Back 9

substances that dissociate (seperate) in solution to form ions (charged particles.) helps regulate water and acid-base balance, contributes to enzyme reactions, and are essential to neuromuscular reactions

Front 10

cations

Back 10

poistively charged ions

Front 11

anions

Back 11

negatively charged ions

Front 12

intracellular fluid (ICF)

Back 12

within the cells; 40% to total body weight, contains solutes such as electrolytes, glucose, and oxygen, essential for NL cell function

Front 13

extracellular fluid (ECF)

Back 13

outside of cells; 20% of total body weight, found in: interstitial fluid 15% (spaces btwn most of the cells of the body), intravascular fluid or plasma 5% (in the arteries, veins, and capillaries), and transcellular fluid <1% (includes cerebrospinal fluid, urine, digestive secretions, perspiration, and small amounts of fluid found within organs & joints)

Front 14

osmosis

Back 14

water moves across a membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration; continues till both sides are equal. resposible for water movement btwn ICF and ECF compartments

Front 15

osmolality

Back 15

concentration of all solutes within a body fluid compartment, NL 275-295 mOsm/kg

Front 16

osmotic pressure

Back 16

the power of a solution to draw water across a membrane

Front 17

tonicity

Back 17

the effect of the osmotic pressure of a solution on cells within that solution

Front 18

isotonic solutions

Back 18

have same concentration of solutes as plasma
ex. NS, 0.9% sodium chloride

Front 19

hypertonic solutions

Back 19

have a greater concentration of solutes than plasma
ex. 3% soduim chloride

Front 20

hypotonic solutions

Back 20

have a lower solute concentration than plasma
ex. 0.45% sodium chloride

Front 21

diffusion

Back 21

process in whihc solutes move from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low concentration to become evenly distributed

Front 22

simple diffusion

Back 22

occurs by the random movement of solutes

Front 23

facilitated diffusion

Back 23

large water-soluble molecules such as glucose move into cells

Front 24

filtration

Back 24

process in which water and solutes move across capillary membranes driven by fluid pressure

Front 25

hydrostatic pressure

Back 25

created by the pumping action of the heart and gravity

Front 26

active transport

Back 26

allows molecules to move across cell membranes into an area of higher solute concentration, requires cellular energy (ATP) and a carrier mechanism

Front 27

thirst

Back 27

primary regulator of water intake, maintains fluid balance and preventing dehydration

Front 28

kidneys

Back 28

responsible for reglating fluid volume and electrolyte balance of the body, maintains the volme and osmolality of body fluids by selectively reabsorbing water and electrolytes

Front 29

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Back 29

helps maintain intravascular fluid balance and blood pressure, retains sodium and water

Front 30

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Back 30

regulates water excretions from the kidneys, more water is reabsorbed when present. urine output falls, BL volume is restored, and serum osmolality drops as the water dilutes body fluids

Front 31

diabetes insipidus

Back 31

ADH is not produced; impairs water reabsorption in the kidney = very HIGH dilute urine output

Front 32

syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)

Back 32

excess ADH is released, more water is reabsorbed, fluid volume increases, and urine output is scant and concentrated

Front 33

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Back 33

a hormone released by cells in the atria of the heart in response to stretching from fluid overload; ANP inhibits secretion and blocks the secretion and affects of aldosterone = promotes sodium and water loss, nd causes BL vessels to dilate

Front 34

third-spacing

Back 34

a shift of fluid from the vascular space into an area where it is not available for physiologic processes, may be trapped within soft tissues following trauma or burns; difficult to detect b/c weight remains stable and input & output records may not show the loss

Front 35

serum electrolytes
(diagnostic test)

Back 35

may show increased sodium levels if the fluid loss is primarily water

Front 36

serum osmolality
(diagnostic test)

Back 36

high when primarily water has been lost