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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The psychoactive chemical in the coca plant is
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cocaine; a drug obtained from coca leaves; used in medicine for local anesthetic; a habit-forming drug used illegally to stimulate the central nervous system
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cocaine is derived from
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a tropical shrub (bush) that grows in the Andes in Bolivia and Peru; the active chemical in the coca plant
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Erythroxylon coca - (Cocaine)
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5000 B.C. Inca Empire, Peru was traced to the first uses of Coca; natives of the Andes in Bolivia and Peru still use coca by chewing the cocoa leaves; by adding calcified lime to raise alkalinity inside the mouth it increases the extraction of cocaine and allows greater absorption; coca leaves contain up to about two percent of cocaine
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coca paste
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coca leaves mixed with an organic solvent like kerosene or gasoline, soaked, mixed, mashed, filtered, and altered into a cheaper, smokable form of illicit cocaine, is more potent, extremely addictive and detrimental to health
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cocaine hydrochloride
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a salt (of hydrochloride acid) that mixes easily in water and cannot be heated, the most common form of pure cocaine, users either "snort" the drug (insufflation) or inject it intravenously; esp. administered intranasally.
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crack cocaine (or rock)
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mixture of cocaine, baking soda and water resulting in smokable, more potent cocaine; a street name for simple and stable preparation of a highly purified cocaine in small chips used illegally usually for smoking
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freebase
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to prepare or use (cocaine) as freebase; a method of preparing cocaine as a chemical base so that it can be smoked; a form derived from treatment of the hydrochloride of cocaine with ammonia or similar alkaloid solution followed by extraction with a solvent (as ether)
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Under which major category does cocaine fall?
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stimulant
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cocaine--mechanisms of action
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blocks the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin causing a prolonged effect of these neurotransmitters, resulting in stimulation of the CNS
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cocaine--route of administration
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cocaine can be taken by mouth, insufflation, injection, or inhalation; the effects and intensity varies depending on route of administration; more intense-intravenous injection and inhalation compared with oral or intranasal
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How would medical practice be affected if both cocaine and amphetamine were placed on Schedule I?
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there are several amphetamine containing drugs that would be pulled the market if if were placed on Schedule I because there are no prescribed Schedule I meds.
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amphetamine--history
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patented in 1932; intended as a substitute for ephedrine--marketed as Benzedrine (brand name) a bronchial dilator (OTC); used for treating narcolepsy (1935); used for treating hyperactivity (1935); during the 1930's, used as an appetite suppressant; during WWII, used by production workers and military (1939)
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ephedrine
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a sympathomimetic drug used to dilate the bronchial passages in treating asthma
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amphetamine--mechanisms of action
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effects catecholamine dopamine and norepinephrine synapses; the presynaptic storage mechanism recognizes and tries to store amphetamine molecules which results in leakage into the synapse, where they interact with receptor; damage and occupation of the reuptake mechanisms result in excitation and increased stimulation of the receptors; amphetamine-like drugs are similar in structure to dopamine and norepinephrine
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compare the dependence potential of cocaine with that of amphetamine
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defined by the DSM, amphetamine like compounds are capable of producing dependence; withdrawal has been described as similar to cocaine-related withdrawal; symptoms may include deep depression when drug wears off; rapid development of tolerance requires increased doses, craving, lethargy, and so on; amphetamine's could be habit-forming i.e. could produce psychological dependence
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methamphetamine
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a drug derived from amphetamine that is often used illegally as a stimulant of the central nervous system
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crank
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street name for illicitly manufactured methamphetamine; crystal meth; ice: street names for crystals of methamphetamine hydrochloride; broadly, methamphetamine in any form when used illicitly
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at what periods in history did cocaine reach its first and second peaks of popularity?
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Cocaine was the first medically used local anesthetic. late 19th century to early 20th century and late 1960s-- amphetamines were harder to obtain, which made cocaine popular again; in mid-1980s smoking opened new era in cocaine abuse.
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cocaine was popularized by
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Angelo Mariani (coca wine, the coca leaf extract in the wine) - W.S. Halsted (produced local anesthesia) - Sigmund Freud (depression and morphine dependence)
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How are coca paste, freebase, crack, and ice similar?
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They are all forms of cocaine.
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What similarities are there in the toxic effects of cocaine and amphetamine?
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both are potentially habit-forming, potential reinforcers, can produce psychological dependence; excessive use can result in a paranoid psychosis;
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forms of Cocaine
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coca leaves (paste), freebase, cocaine hydrochloride, smokable cocaine (crack or rock)
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amphetamine--absorption and excretion
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oral, intranasal, intravenous, smoked; taken orally produces peak effects in about 1.5 hours; intranasal peak effects occur between 5 to 20 min.; smoking and intravenous produces peak effect in 5 to 10 min.; drug half-life is from 5 to 12 hours; complete elimination occurs within 2 days of the last dose
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amphetamine--beneficial uses
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prescribed for short-term depression (adjunctive therapy)--weight control/reduction--narcolepsy--ADHD
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What is a chemical name?
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The chemical name gives a complete chemical description of a compound (NaCl)
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What is a generic name?
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The official (legal) name of drugs listed in the United States Pharmacopoeia, cannot be trademarked, name used by any manufacturer, never capitalized (aspirin)
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What is a brand name?
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Specifies a particular formulation and manufacturer and its trademark belongs to that manufacturer (Bayer aspirin)
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Define acute and chronic effects
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Acute: comes on suddenly; short-term effects.
Chronic: comes on after long-term drug use; long-term effects |
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Explain acute toxicity versus chronic toxicity
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acute toxicity results from too much of a drug; chronic toxicity results from long-term exposure (blocking out vs. cirrhosis of the liver)
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cocaine and amphetamines appear to act by
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interacting with several neurotransmitters, including dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
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amphetamines
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a synthetic sympathomimetic similar to ephedrine; a synthetic compound or one made from it used medically to increase the activity of the CNS but often abused for its stimulant effects
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