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139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Greek colonies
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farming, S Italy & Sicily
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Greeks introduced through colonies
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olive trees & grape vines
alphabet |
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why Greeks colonized
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mild climate, central location, rich soil
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Geography of Italy
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3/4 mountains & foothills, plains w/ silt-enriched soil, mountain streems, swamps, rocky & marshy coast
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affect of silt
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blocked mouthes of rivers -> mosquito-infested swamps -> malaria epidemics
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effect of mountains
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traded among selves, cut off by alps (N)
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affect of coast
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rocky & marshy -> few harbors -> attached to land -> turned to sea to incrase trade
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1st people in italy
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neolithic villiges & farmes, moved when exausted the land
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after neolithic
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Indo-europeans - overwhelmed Neolithics
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Indo-Europeans
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Umbrians - N
Latins - Central plain - Latium Oscanins |
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Etruscan location
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ruled N italy from plains of Etruria
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Etruscan language
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not indo-european, Greek alphabet, only able to decifer few words
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Etruscan wall paintings
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dance & play music -> rich & plesent life
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Etruscan Sculpture
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men & women feast & converse
victorious soldiers beautiful deities smlie & gesture homes of wealthy |
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Etruscan society
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Wealthy overlords
aristocratic priests slaves of conquered peoples |
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Etruscan slaves
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provide comfort for overlords, sacrifices or fights to the death to appease gods, many revolts
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Latins main city
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Rome
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reality of formation of rome
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straw roofes huts on 7 hills join
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Etruscan rulars
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Tarquins - wealthy etruscs family
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Etruscans taught romans
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how to build w/ brick & roof w/ tile & religion
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Etruscans improved rome
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drained marshes & laid city streets, built tempes, mad one of weltiest cities in Italy
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Forum
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square in center of city, seat of roman gov.
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End of etruscan rule
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Tarquin the proud - cruelty angerd romans - drove tarqins out
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patricians
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nobles
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republic
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community were people elect leaders
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plebians
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citizens
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citizenship in republic
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Patricians & plebians, vote, pay taxes, serve in military
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Assembly of cenuries
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(did) elected oficers of executive branch
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Senate
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300 patrician men, surved for life, advised consuls, foreign policy, made laws, approved construction contracts
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consuls
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2 patricains, 1 yr. terms, veto other's decisions
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praetors
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judges
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censors
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keepers of tax & pop. records
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dictator
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temporary in time of crisis, 6 months
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Cencinnatus
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dictator, plowing, defeated enemy, plowing 16 days later
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plebian unrest
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resented lack of power, knew patricians couldn't have republic w/out them, refused to fight in army unless changed
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tribunes
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plebian chosen reps., veto gov. decsions
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assembly of tribes
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body of plebians who elected tribunes, eventually power to make laws
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Religion
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renamed greek gods, etruscan influence
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soothsayers
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priests - bleieved gained knowlege of future flight of birds & animal intestines
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basic unit of society
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families
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households included
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unmarried kids, married sons & famiies, slaves
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paterfamelias
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absolute authority, sell or kill family, supervised edu. of sons, responsibilty for welfare
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republic wives
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few leagal rights, ran households, sometimes own property
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wealthyrepublic women
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slaves did work, study Greek literature, arts & fasion
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lower-class republic women
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houseold tasks, family run shops
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republic education
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all - rading, wrighting, moral standards; boys - by fathers to be farmers & soldiers; girls - by mothers to run household
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republic values
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trift, discipline, self-sacrifice, devotion to family
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republic education
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all - rading, wrighting, moral standards; boys - by fathers to be farmers & soldiers; girls - by mothers to run household
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conquest of greeks
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help from Pyrrhas -> threw back 2x - terrible loss, pushed back to greece, victory @ great cost = Phyrrhic victory
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legions tactics
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1st - phalanx, realized were large & slow
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rule of conquered people
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mild, some - keep gov if help fight enemies, partial rights, some citizens
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colonia
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perminant military settlements, throughout italy
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Carthage
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Med. welthiest city, conquered sp coast, Punici
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cause of 1st punic war
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carthage tretened to get stright of Messina (between italy & sicily)
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1st punic war
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Carthage - better fleet
rome - bilt larger fleet & grappling hooks - navel battles like land battles |
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1st punic war
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Carthage - better fleet
rome - built larger fleet & grappling hooks - navel battles like land battles |
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effect of 1st punic war
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carthage paid indemity - for damages
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Hannibal
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father made swear to hate & defeat rome, huge army, through alps - serprise,
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Battle of Cannae
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romans almost beaten, Scipio - got more troop & attacked carthage - defeated @ zama near carthage
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effect of 2nd punic war
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carthage gave up lands in sp, most of warships & indemnity
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cause of 3rd punic war
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carthage no threat - rome forced war
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Cato
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senetor, "carthage must be destroyed!"
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3rd punic war
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burned carthage & sold people to slavery
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effect of 3rd punic war
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Rome control all Med.
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"mare nostrum"
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our sea
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discontent after punic wars
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politicians corrupt
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seizing of land
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from small farmers-dificult to rebuild- agricuture into a buisiness, large estates
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latifundin
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arge estates, many slaves
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affect of slaves
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less jobs -> went to cities -> urban poor -> rich/poor gap widened -> danger of revolts
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Sparticus
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slave revolt, gladiators, defeated legions, greedy, defeated & crucified
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Tiberious Gracchus
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tribune, limit size of latifunda & distribut land to poor, opposes killed in planned street fight
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Marius
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consul, professional army w/ alligence to comander not republic
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Sulla
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rival of marius - exiled him, had self appointed dictator
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Ceasar born
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Rome, aristocratic family
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1st triumvirate
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Caesar, Crassus, Pompey
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Pompey married
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Caesars' only daughter - Julia
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1st triumvirate
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Caesar, Crassus, Pompey
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Caesar's initial gov. position
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Counsul
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caesar's campiegns
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Gallic wars - conquered
fought germanic tribes invaded britain mad hero w/ lower classes |
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1st triumvirate fell apart
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crassus killed in battle, julia died
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crossing the rubicon
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senate orderd to com back & disband army if wanted to run for senate, legend - vision told to cross, now - decision that can't be undone
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Ceasar came into full power
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captured all italy, defeated pompery in greece
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caesars reforms
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citizenship in provinces, power to him @atricians expence, central. gov more responsive to territories, public works, made slave-oners hire more workers, founded colonies (land for poor) continued free grain - less people elegable
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ceasar's death
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Mach 15, 44 BC - Ides of march, popular, senetors stabbed to death - plot to be king - kill w/out trial
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2nd triumvirate
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divided empire -
Marck Anthony (Greece + E) Octavion (Italy + W) Marcus Lepidus (N Africa) |
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2nd triumvirate end
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Oct forced Lep to retire, Athony married cleopatra, Oct convince planned to rule w/ foreign queen, declared war on Anthony
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Actium
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Naval battle, Oct forces defeated Anthony's + Cleopatra's -> A - killed self, C - askes to retire & have son rule Egypt - refused, killed self
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Latins
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Tiber R, Rome - good location - middle of sea middle of boot, hill
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Romulus & Remus legend
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twin sons of Mars & latin princess, abandoned on bank of tiber, raised by wolf, built city on spot, Rom kills Rem - romans like - don't mess w/ us!
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serve in legions
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all landownig citizend had to
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"eagle"
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legion flag, discrac to loose, each - name & nickname
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"eagle"
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legion flag, discrac to loose, each - name & nickname
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legion armor
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helmet, shield, gladius-short sword, Pilium - javalin
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legion armor
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helmet, shield, gladius-short sword, Pilium - javalin
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carthage gave yup after 1st punic war
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Corsica, Sicily, Sardinia - rich land
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Gaius Gracchus
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tribune, new court b/c of corruption, low cost of grain, killed in planne dstrre fight
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effect of gracchi
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gov stoped all land reform, showed couldn't solve problens peacefully
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Octavian's tiltles
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princeps - "1st citizen"
Augustus - "exalted one" |
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roan coin
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denarius
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roads
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transport fo legions, layered sand, rock, small stpones 7 concrete
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Appian way
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cut stones, no concrete,work of art
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Silk road
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rome to china
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Augustus did
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census, low cost grain, publc buildings, self-gov in provinces
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praetorian guard
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guar emprer, 9 cohorts
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problem of empire
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no way to choose new empoers
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Julian emporers
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Tiberious, Caligula, Claudios, Nero
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Tiberious
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accused many of treason
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Caligula
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mentally ill, fav. horse consul, killed by guard
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Claudius
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conquest of britain
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Nero
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mentally ill, persecuted christians, seuicide
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Flavians
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Vespasian, Titus, Domitan
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The Good emporers
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Trajan, Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius
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Trajan
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born in Sp.,conqusts, forum
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Hadrian
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"'s wall, Pantheon
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Marcus Aurelius
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Stoicism - Mediations
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emporers
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Julian, Flavian, Good
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family less sig. in empire
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father - less power, fewer childern, more divorse & remarry
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empire women
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own property, testify in court, public roles/power (rich), go to public baths/plays/festivals/gladiator fights
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empier slavery
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1/3 of pop, conquered people, important to economy, rebelions never worked
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gladiators
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salves/prisoners of war/criminals, trained by lanista, sometimes to death, schools, criminal free if servived 3-5 yrs, some female
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Galen
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medical encyclopedia
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Pliny the elder
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geogrphy, zoology, botany, died from vesuvious ash
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romance langs
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frenc, spanish, romanian, portugues, italin
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Anniad
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Virgil, rome's heroinc past, trojan - Annias - founded rome
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Tacitus
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historian, condemed tyrany
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romance langs
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frenc, spanish, romanian, portugues, italin
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Livy
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history - glorified romans
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imperial law
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same for cit + non", all equal before law, evidence to prove guilty, inocent untill proven guilty, punished fro actons
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Palentine hill
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center of rome
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concerete
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cement + sand + water + gravel
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central heating
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terra cota tubes from central fernace
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baths
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huge buildings, manny rooms, men & women separte, most free, some - entrance fee, entertainment, like mall
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imperial art
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realistic, axept idealized emporers
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glass
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decorative & functional, blowing
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Coliseum
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awning, seated by gendre & class, filled w/ water to renact naval battles, chamers underground, elevators
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Cicus Maximus
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violent chariot races
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"bread & circuses"
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free food & entertainment
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empire gap rich/poor
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rich - extravagant
most - barly necesities |
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Panteon
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temple o all gods, striscanm dome, chamber - rotunda, openia - let in light
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