Chap 6 Cancer

Front 1

Cancer

Back 1

Abnormal masses of tissue (neoplasms) lacking differentiation & organization.

Front 2

Carcinoma

Back 2

epithelial cells ( glands, ducts, mucus membranes of stomach, colon, esophagus, pancreas, liver, breast)

Front 3

sarcoma

Back 3

connective tissue ( muscles, cartilage, bone)

Front 4

Lymphoma

Back 4

lymphatic tissue

Front 5

melanoma

Back 5

skin (usually contains melanin)

Front 6

leukemia

Back 6

blood forming tissue (bone marrow, spleen)

Front 7

Tobacco

Back 7

Nicotiana tabacum - solanaceae

Front 8

safrole

Back 8

sassafras tea and other spices. (nutmeg, mace, camphor oil, star anise)

Front 9

coffee

Back 9

(mild effect- but avoid during pregnacy)

Front 10

Black ferns

Back 10

Cycads

Front 11

Chili peppers

Back 11

(Capsicum-solanaceae)-capsaicin

Front 12

Blood root *

Back 12

sanguinaria (papveraceae) - previously used in dental formulation (viadent): still controversial p 180

Front 13

facts about sanguinaria-based mouthwash *

Back 13

1980s-1990s research demonstrated antimicrobial, anti-plaque properties. root (rhizome) can relieve toothache.
narcotic analgesic, also an emetic.
used in toothpaste may cause LEUKOPLAKIA, a premalignant oral lesion*****
removed from Colgate's toothpaste formulation.

Front 14

More sanguinaria facts *

Back 14

+ ISOQUINOLINE ALKALOIDS: protopine, sanguinarine - toxic; stored primarily in the rhizome.
+ Carcinogenic properties p 180
+ Sanguinarine kills animal cells by blocking Na+/K+ -ATPase transmembrane proteins.
+Causes irritant dermatitis.
+Convivtions in 2005 for unsuccessful and disfiguring use in removal of skin cancers.
+Protopine may control atrial arrhythmias
+ Native Americans used it as a dye and body paint (?)

Front 15

Yew, Taxol*

Back 15

(Taxus brevifolia, T. baccata, Taxaceae) [Gymnosperm]

Front 16

Taxol*
action?
against__?
side effects?

Back 16

+Action:binds to polymerized tubulin chains (spindle fibers), stabilizing them against disassembly (inhibits mitosis).
+Active against leukemia, melanoma, metastatic breast, ovary, testicular, brain, lung tumors.
+side effects- low blood count, low platelet count, anemia, hair loss, diarrhea, allergic reaction, nerve damage, fluid retention.

Front 17

Taxus brevifolia (characteristis)

Back 17

small tree or shrub

Front 18

Taxol derived from resin of bark

Back 18

technically, the active substance is paclitaxel.

Front 19

History of Taxol.

Back 19

+Discovered in the 1950s through the National Cancer Institute's screening programs*
+Confirmed to be effective against ovarian cancer, melanoma and leukemia in the early 1980s.
+But to treat all world cases of these diseases would have required the destruction of 360,000 trees annually (trees have to be destroyed in order to remove bark)
+Synthesized in 1993 (now through cell culture)

Front 20

Mayapple

Back 20

(Podophyllum peltatum, P. emodii, Berberidaceae).

Front 21

Mayapple
-podophyllotozin, peltatin.
action?

Back 21

Inhibits polymerization of tubulin (formation of spindle fibers)

Front 22

Mayapple
-Teniposide, etoposide (synthetic)
action?
targets?

Back 22

Blocks replication of DNA, induces single & double strand breaks.
+targets : lymphoma, brain & bladder tumors.
+etoposide- embryonic testicular carcinoma, small lung carcinoma, lymphoma, melanoma

Front 23

Mayapple
-podophyllotoxin
purpose?

Back 23

used to treat warts (cytostatic)

Front 24

podophyllum

Back 24

Mayapple, Berberidaceae

Front 25

Chinese happy tree
proper name

Back 25

(Camptotheca acuminata, Nyssaceae) camptothecins (alkaloids)

Front 26

Chinese happy tree
-actions

Back 26

+ inhibits topoisomerase I; disrupts DNA replication by preventing uncoiling.

Front 27

Chinese happy tree
9 AC (9-aminocamptothecine)
targets?

Back 27

ovary, colon, lung, & gastic cancer, lukemia

Front 28

Chinese happy tree
9 NC (9-nitrocamptothecine)
targets?

Back 28

colorectal, ovarian, & pancreatic cancer.

Front 29

Chinese happy tree
Topotecan, CPT-11 (10-hydroxycamptothecine)
targets?

Back 29

small cell lung, ivarian, non-small lung, colorectal cancer. seepg 205

Front 30

florida native plant potential of having medical uses.

Back 30

Nyssa spp. - Tupelo, Black Gum.

Front 31

Madagascar periwinkle
proper name?
and fact.

Back 31

(Catharanthus roseus, Apocynaceae)
research did not support use for diabetes.

Front 32

ayurvedic treatment (seeds, flowers, roots) for ? ?

Back 32

leukemia, diabetes, menorrhagia.

Front 33

Madagascar periwinkle
-Vinblastine & vincristine.... action?

Back 33

binds to tubulin & prevents formation of microtubules in spindle fibers.
+ vinblastine : prevents microtubules formation. + vincristine: breaks down microtubules ---> Hodgkin's disease, lymphoma, leukemia, sarcoma

Front 34

examples of semi-synthetic vinblastine

Back 34

vindesine & vinorelbine.

Front 35

Green Tea

Back 35

(Camellia sinensis, Theaceae)

Front 36

non-fermented: steamed or fried...
example of moderately fermented tea ?

Back 36

Oolong tea

Front 37

Green tea.. anticarnogenic dietary supplements

Back 37

+ Polyphenols: antioxidants and free radical scavenger activity.
+active against esophageal, stomach, colon, liver & pancreatic cancer.
+antimicrobial: inhibits nitrate-reducing bacteria in stomach that produce carcinogenic nitrosamines.

Front 38

Camellia sinensis
+family
+relative
+Leaves

Back 38

+Theaceae
+relative of ornamental Camellia, C. Japonica (no known medical uses)
+Tender young leaves used for green and white tea.

Front 39

Gordonia lasianthus
+ family

Back 39

+Theaceae
+native of Florida

Front 40

Black Tea
-facts.

Back 40

+"fermented" through oxidation in drying process
+Originally linked to higher incidence of esophogeal
+may instead be due to high temperature of the tea.
+Along with green and white teas, shown to reduce risk of ovarian cancer and others.

Front 41

Aspilathus linearis
-facts.

Back 41

+Native to "fynbos" of western cape region. like chaparral of california or mediterranean-winter rain, summer heat and drought.

Front 42

Garlic (allium sativum)
-family
-other plants with similar medical properties

Back 42

+Alliceae
+Onion (Allium cepa), Chives (A. schoenoprasum), leeks (A. porrum) have similar but milder effects.
+associated with decreased incidence of stomach & gastrointestinal cancer.
+Anti-diabetic effect
+Antimicrobial: inhibits nitrate-reducing bacteria in stomach that produce carcinogenic nitrosamines (cooking reduces effect)
+Antimutagenic (Ogunjobi et al 2006)--> Garlic oven-dried, ground into powder, then extracted in hot water.

Front 43

Garlic fact

Back 43

Garlic is used to prevent certain types of cancer, including stomach and colon cancers. In countries where garlic is consumed in large quantities, the instance of cancer is lower*

Front 44

random facts on slides

Back 44

+Allium satuvum (garlic) was used as long ago as 500 BC by the ancient egyptians
+Allicin, an organosulfur compound, found in most raw allium species) is antibiotic and antifungal
+Allian is thought to promote cardiovascular health
+traditionally used to reduce arthrosclerosis--->may inhibit platelet aggregation
+Regular consumprion has significant effect on cholesterol short term. however, with prolonged use, total cholesterol improvements were insignificant
+Studies have shown regular use moderately decreases blood pressure.

Front 45

Turmeric (Curcuma longa)
-family
-active ingridient

Back 45

+ family: Zingiberaceae
+ active ingridient: Curcumin (polyphenol) from ground rhizome
---->provides color to curry, some mustard.
----->Anti-inflammatory
----->Probably anticarcinogenic by inhibiting neoplastic lesions in tissue

Front 46

END

Back 46

END