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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define infertility. |
The inability to achieve pregnancy after at least 1 year of regular intercourse without contraception.
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What percent of couples in American are infertile?
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15%
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Can infertility cause a physical and an emotional crisis?
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Absolutely
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What are the most frequent female causes of infertility?
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Ovulation factors, tubal obstruction or dysfunction, and uterine or cervical factors.
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What is hysterosalpingogram?
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The procedure consists of the radiographic visualization of the uterus and tubes by injecting a radiopaque dye through the cervix. Tubal patency, shape, position, and any endometrial cavity distortions can be determined.
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What accounts for 50% of miscarriages before 8 weeks of gestation?
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Fetal chromosomal anomalies
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What does the D&C involve?
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Dilating the uterine cervix and scraping of the endometrium of the uterus to empty the uterus of the products of conception.
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When is drug therapy considered a treatment for PMS?
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When symptoms persist or interfere with daily functioning.
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What is the synthetic of progesterone?
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Progestin
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Define amenorrhea.
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Absence of menstruation
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Define Menorrhagia.
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Excessive and/or prolonged menstrual bleeding at regular intervals
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Define Metorrhagia.
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Irregular bleeding and/or bleeding between menses which is not excessive.
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Define Polymenorrhea.
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Regular intervals of bleeding of less than 21 days.
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Define Oligomenorrhea.
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Long intervals between menses of 35 days or longer.
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What is an ectopic pregnancy?
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Any pregnancy outside of the uterus.
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What is the usual site of ectopic pregnancy?
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Fallopian tubes.
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Who is at risk for ectopic pregnancy?
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History of PID, prior ectopic, current IUD, progestin only birth control failure, prior pelvic or tubal surgery, infertility treatments, in vitro, embryo transfer and ovulation induction.
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Define primary amenorrhea.
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Failure of menstrual cycles to begin by age 16 or by age 14 if secondary sex characteristics are present.
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Define Oligomenorrhea.
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Long intervals between menses of 35 days or longer.
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What is an ectopic pregnancy?
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Any pregnancy outside of the uterus.
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What is the usual site of ectopic pregnancy?
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Fallopian tubes.
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Who is at risk for ectopic pregnancy?
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History of PID, prior ectopic, current IUD, progestin only birth control failure, prior pelvic or tubal surgery, infertility treatments, in vitro, embryo transfer and ovulation induction.
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Define primary amenorrhea.
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Failure of menstrual cycles to begin by age 16 or by age 14 if secondary sex characteristics are present.
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Define secondary amenorrhea.
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Cessation of menstrual cycles once they have been established. Diagnosed after 3 months without menses if regular before or 6 months without menses if not regular before.
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Define menometororraghia.
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Excessive bleeding that occurs at irregular intervals.
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Define anovulation.
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Failure, suppression or cessation of ovulation.
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When is balloon thermotherapy contraindicated? |
For women who desire to maintain their fertility and for women with any suspected uterine abnormalities such as fibroids, suspected endometrial cancer, prior cesarean section, or myomectomy.
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What is myomectomy?
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A removal of fibroids without removal of the uterus.
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Define perimenopause.
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A normal life transition that begins with the first signs of change in menstrual ccycles and ends after cessation of menses.
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Define menopause.
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The physiologic cessation of menses associated with declining ovarian function.
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Define postmenopause.
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A term that refers to the time in a womans life after menopause.
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What has been linked to an earlier age of menopause? |
Higher BMI, cigarette smoking, racial/ethnic factors, and financial strain.
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What can cause menopause to occur earlier?
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Illness, surgical removal of uterus or both ovaries, side effects of radiation or chemo, or drugs
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What is in Prempro?
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Estrogen plus progestin.
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What is in Premarin?
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Estrogen only.
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What are increased risks with Prempro?
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Breast cancer, stroke, heart disease, DVT, and pulmonary emboli.
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What are increased risks with Premarin?
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Stroke and venous thrombosis.
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What is seroma?
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A pocket of clear serous fluid that sometimes develops in the body after surgery.
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What is the most common site of local recurrence of breast cancer?
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The surgical site.
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What causes postmastectomy pain syndrome?
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A number of factors including injury to nerves and tissue as a result of surgery, radiation therapy, chemo, or secondary neuroma development.
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Define neuroma.
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Any tumor derived from cells of the nervous system .
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Which women with evidence of node involvement will have some type of systemic therapy? |
Particulary those who are hormone-receptor negative.
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What is one of the solid tumors most responsive to chemotherapy?
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Breast cancer.
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Are breast cancer survival rates altered when comparing preoperative chemotherapy to postoperative chemotherapy?
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No.
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How can estrogen promote the growth of breast cancer cells? |
If the cells are estrogen receptor positive.
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What 2 advances have increased the use of hormone therapy in breast cancer?
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1. Hormone receptor assays identify pts likely to respond
2. Drugs have been developed that can inactivate the hormone-secreting glands as effectively as surgery or radiation. |
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Who is likely to have breat tumors that are not hormone dependent?
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Premenopausal and perimenopausal women.
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The 2 things hormone therapy does.
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1. Block or destroy the estrogen receptors
2. Suppress estrogen synthesis through inhibiting aromatase. |
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Define aromatase.
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An enzyme needed for endogenous estrogen synthesis.
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Tamoxifen (Nolvadex)
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An antiestrogen drug that blocks estrogen receptor sites of malignant cells & thus inhibits the growth stimulating effects of estrogen.
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Tamoxifen as the hormonal agent of choice for?
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Estrogen receptor-positive women with all stages of breast cancer for the past 30 years.
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What are the side effects of tamoxifen?
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Minimal but include hot flashes, mood swings, vaginal discharge, and decreased estrogen effects.
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What should patients immediately report when taking tamoxifen?
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Decreased visual acuity b/c the damage may be irreversible.
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Aromatase inhibitor drugs?
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Are used in the treatment of breast cancer in postmenopausal women by interfering with the enzyme that synthesizes endogeneous estrogen.
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Raloxifene (Evista)? |
A drug used to prevent bone loss, which may reduce the risk of beast cancer without stimulating endometrial growth.
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Trastuzumab (Herceptin)?
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A monoclonal antibody to HER-2, which attaches to the antigen and takes it into the cells and kills them.
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Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome?
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Occurs when PID spreads to the liver and causes acute perihepatitis, causing RUQ pain & clear liver function tests.
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What are some immediate complications of PID?
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Septic shock, Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome, pelvic or generalized peritonitis, and embolisms.
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What are some long term complications of PID?
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Ectopic pregnancy, infertility, and chronic pelvic pain, adhesions and strictures to develop in the fallopian tubes
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What is the treatment for PID?
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Antibiotic combo, Mefoxin & Viramycin, no intercourse for 3 weeks, and partner treatment, physical rest, and oral fluids
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