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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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define a tissue
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a group of similar cells that usually have a common embryonic origin and functions together to carry out speciallized activities
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what are the four basic types of human tissues
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epithial, connective, muscular, and nervous
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decrisbe the structure and functions of the five main types of cells junctions
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1. tight junctions
2.adherens junctions 3. desmosomes 4.hemidesmosomes 5. gap junctions |
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which type of cell junctions allow cellular comminication
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gap junctions
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which type of cell jucntions are found in epithelial tissues
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adherens junctions
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describe the general features of epithelial tissue
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covers body surface, lines hollow organs, body cavities and ducts
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what is the function of a basement membrane
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it provides physical support for an epithelium
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which cell shape is best adapted for the rapid movement of substances from one cell to another
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sqaumous
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how do multicellular glands differ from compound ones
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simple have nonbranched duct
multicellular have a branched duct |
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general features of connective tissue
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binds together, supports, strenghtens other tissue
protects and insulates internal organs compatmentalizes structures serves as transport location of energy storage main source fo immune response |
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2 types of epithelial tissue
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covering a lining epithelium
glandular epithelium |
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what are the types of arrangement cells
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simple epithelial
stratified puesdostratified |
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what are types of cell shapes
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squamous
cubodial transitional columnar |
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combo of arrangement and cell shapes
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simple epithelium
psuedostratified stratisfies |
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what are the germ layers
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etoderm- outer layer
endoderm- inner mesoderm- between |
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parts of epithelial tissue
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lateral surface-faces adjacent cell
basal surface- opposite of apical surface basement membrane- nonliving protein and glycoprotein layers secreted by epithelial cells |
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gland
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single group of cells that secrete substances
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endocrine gland
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ductless gland secretes into blood stream
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exocrine gland
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duct gland secrete into ducts that lead to surface of epithelial
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methods of releasing secretion
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mecocrine gland- from vesicles (salivary, pancreas)
aprocrine- accumalate in apical part of cell which is pinched off holocrine- accumlate in cytoplasm and is released when cell dies |
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fibroblasts
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found in loose and dense connective tissue
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chrondoblasts
osteblasts |
found in bone
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2 parts of extracellular matrix
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ground substance
fibers |
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types of mature connective tissue
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loose
dense cartilidge bone liquid |
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types of loose connective tissue
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areolar
apidpose reticular |
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types of dense connective tissue
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dense regular
dense irregular elastic |
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types of cartilage
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hyaline
fibrocartilage elastic |
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types of bone
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spongy
compact |
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types of liquid connective tissue
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blood
lymph |
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types of epithelial membranes
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mucous
serous cutaneous |
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types of muscular tissue
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skeletal or striated
cardiac smooth |
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cell types
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nerve cell structure
nerve signals |
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what does endothelium line
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heart, blood vessels and lympatic vessels
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what does mesothelium line
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peritoneum
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dendrites
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tapering, highly branched, and usually short cell processes
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cell body
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contains nucleus and other organelles
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axon
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single, thin, cylindrical process that may be very long
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2 main layers of the skin
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epidermis- epithelial tissue only
dermis- layer of connective tissue, nerve, muscle |
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sebcutaneous tissue
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layer of adipose and areolar tissue
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4 types of cell types
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keratincytes- 90% produce keratin
melanocytes- 8 % produce melanin langehan cells- from bone marrow merkel cells- in deepest layer |
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what are the layers of the epidermis?
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stratum corneum
stratum lucideum stratum granulosum stratum spinosum stratum basale stratum germainativatum |
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what cells become keratincytes
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stem cells (basale cells)
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what occurs when keratincytes are pushed upwards
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they will fill up with keratin new skin can't regenerate in stratum bases and its stem cells
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skin grafts
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covering of wound with piece of healthy skin
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autograft
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from self
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isograft
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twin
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autologous
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transplantation of pts skin
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dermis
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connective tissue layer of collagen and elastic fibers, fiberblasts
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what is the dermis composed of?
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macophages and fat cells
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how often do the skin cells shed?
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7 - 10 days
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what does the dermis contain
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hair follicles, glands, nerves, and blood vessels
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what are 2 major regions of the dermis
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papillary region
reticular region |
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what produces melanin
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melanocytes
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what increases melanin production
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amount of pigment
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who has more melanocytes
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everyone has the same amount
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what are freckles
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melanocytes in patches
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what is albinism
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inherited lack of tyrosinase no pigment
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what is carotene
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yellow orange pigment (precursor of vit k)found in the stratum coreum and dermis
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what are the structure of the hair
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shaft- visible
root- below surface follicle- external root sheath arrector pilli - forms goosebump hair root plexus- detects hair movement |
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how is hair color dertemined
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meloncytes produced in the hair bulb
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hair growth cycle
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growth stage 2-6 yrs, matrix at base produce length
resting stage- lasts for 3 mo |
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functions of hair
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prevents heat loss
decreses sun burn eyelashes help protect eye touch receptors sense light touch |
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what is the function of eccrine sweat gland
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regulate body temp regulated with persprition
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functions of cerumious glands
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helps form barrier for entrance of foreign bodies
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what are the structure of nails
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nail body- visible portion
nail root- buried under skin layers cuticle- stratum corneum layer |
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how does the nail grow
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nail matrix below nail root produces growth cells transformed into tightly packed keratinized cells per week
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functions of skin
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regulation of body temp
protection as phyical barrier sensory receptors excretion and absorbtion |
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transdermal drug administration
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method by which drug are in form of a patch
nitro, scopoline, estradiol, or nicotine |
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epidermal wound healing
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basal cells migrate across the wound, epidermal growth factor stimulates cell division
contact inhibition with other cells stop migration full thickness of epidermis results from futher cell division |
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deep wound healing
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healing is in 4 phases when reaches dermis
inflammatory phase migratory phase proliferative phase maturation phase |
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6 age related structual changes to skin
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1. collagen fibers decrease in # and stiffen
2. elastic fibers are not as elastic 3. fibroblasts decrease in # 4. langerhan cells and macrophages decrease in # and become less efficient phagocytes 5. oil glands shrink 6. walls in blood vessel thicken |
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3 types of skin cancer
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1. basal cell carcinoma- rarley metastazize
2. sqaumous cell carcinoma- may matastatzize 3. malignant melanoma- matastazize quickly most common in young women, arise from melancytes- life threatning |
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are bones dead or alive
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bones are dynamic living tissue continually engaging in process called remodling
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what tissues make up bones
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bone or osseous tissue
cartilage dense connective tissue epithelium adipose tissue nervouse tissue |
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what are the functions of bones
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support
protection assist in movement mineral homeostasis blood cell production triglyceride storage |
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anatomy of a long bone
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one that has greater length than width
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diaphasia
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bones shaft or body
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epipheses
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distal and proximal ends of the bone
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articular cartilage
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thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms an joint with another bone
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medullar cavity
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space between diaphysis which contains fatty yellow bone marrow in adults
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endosteum
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thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity, contains single layer of bone forming cells and a small amount of connective tissue
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periosteum
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tough sheath of irregular connective tissue that surround the bone surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage also protects bones assist in fracture repair, helps nourish bone tissue
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4 types of cells in bones
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osteogenic cells
osteoblasts ostecytes osteclasts |
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what is the bone matrix made of
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25% water, 25% collagen fibers, 50% crystalized mineral salts
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is bone completely solid
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no, it has many small spaces between its cells and extracellular matrix components
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compact bone
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is the stongest bone of bone tissue and contain very little spaces. it provides protection and support and resists the stresses produced by weight and movement
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osteocytes
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mature bone cells
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calaliculi
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small channels filled with extracellular fluid
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lacunae
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small spaces between lamellae
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lamellae
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calcified rings of extracellular matrix
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spongy bone
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does not contain osteons, name only applys to the appearance consists of lamanae arranged in irregular lattice of thin columns
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trabeculae
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irregular lattice of thin columns
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bone scan
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diagnostic procedure that takes advantage of the fact that bone is living tissue
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hot spots
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increased metabolism that absorb more radioactive tracer may indicate bone cancer, abnormal healing of fractures, or abnormal bone growth
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cold spots
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decreased metabolism that absorb less radioactive tracer due to decreased blood flow, may indicate degenerative bone disease, decalcified bone, fractures, bone infection
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intramemberous ossification
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bone forms directly within mesencheyme arranged in sheetlike layers that resemble membranes simpler of 2 methods of bone formation
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what cells become osteoprogenitor cells
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mesenchyme cells
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what cells surround themselves with matrix
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osteblasts
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what do the remaining mesenchymal cells become after the matrix is calcified
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osteblasts
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endochondral
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replacement of cartilage by bone
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what types of cells form the cartilage model
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mesenchymal cells crowd together and form chondroblasts
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what causes the cartilage model to grow in length
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by continual cell division of chondrocytes accompanied by futher secretion of the cartilage extracellular matix
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what triggers calcification
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chondrocytes in its midregion hypertrophy and surrounding cartilage
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what forms the medullary cavity
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primary ossification center grows toward the ends of the bone osteoclasts break down some of the newly formed spongy bone trabeculae
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epiphyseal plate
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layer of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of a growing bone that consists of 4 zones
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bone remodling
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the ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue
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what do osteoclasts do
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it involves bone reabsorbtion it removes minerals and collagen fibers from bone
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what do osteoblasts do
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it is involved in bone deposition the addition of minerals and collagen fibers
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how often are bones remodeled
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about 5 % of the time
compact bone 4% per year spongy bone 20% per year |
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types of fractures
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open fracture
comminuted fracture greenstick fracture impacted fracture pott's fracture colles fracture |
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repair of fracture
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formation of fracture hematoma
fibrocartilaginous callus formation bony callus formation bone remodeling |
