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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Organization of Vertebrate Body:
What are the 4 levels of organization |
1) Cells
2) Tissues 3) Organs 4) Organ systems |
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How many different cell types are in the human body?
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210
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What is tissue?
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Groups of cells that are similar in structure and function
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What are the 3 fundamental embryonic tissues?
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1) Endoderm
2) Mesoderm 3) Ectoderm |
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What are the 4 primary tissues in an adult vertebrate?
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1) Epithelial
2) Connective 3) Muscle 4) Nerve |
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What is an organ?
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Combinations of different tissues that form a structural and functional unit
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What is an organ system?
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Groups of organs that cooperate to perform the major activities of the body
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How many principle organ systems does a vertebrate body have?
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11
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What are the 2 main body cavities?
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1) Dorsal body cavity
2) Ventral body cavity |
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Where is the dorsal body cavity located?
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Within skull and vertebrae
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Where is the ventral body cavity?
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Bounded by the rib cage and vertebral column
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The ventral body cavity is divided by the diaphragm into what 2 cavities?
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1) Thoracic cavity - heart and lungs
2) Abdominopelvic cavity - Most organs |
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What are the 2 general classes of epithelial tissue?
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1) Simple - one layer thick
2) Stratified - several layers thick |
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What is each class of epithelial tissue subdivided into?
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1) Squamous cells - flat
2) Cuboidal cells - about as wide as tall 3) Columnar cells - taller than they are wide |
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Where is the simple squamous epithelium located and what is its function?
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Lining of lungs, capillary walls and blood vessels
Permits diffusion |
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Where is the simple cuboidal epithelium located and what is its function?
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Lining of kidney tubules and several glands
Functions in secretion and absorption |
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Where is the simple columnar epithelium located and what is its function?
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Lining of airways of respiratory tract and most of the gastrointestinal tract
Contains goblet cells - secrete mucus |
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Exocrine glands
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Connected to epithelium by a duct
Sweat, sebaceous, and salivary glands |
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Endocrine glands
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Ductless - lost duct during development
Secretions ( hormones) enter blood |
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Describe stratified epithelium
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2 to several layers thick
Named according to the features of their apical cell layers Epidermis is a stratified squamous epithelium |
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Know connective tissues
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Derive from embryonic mesoderm
Divide into two major classes: Connective tissue proper Special connective tissue All have abundant extra cellular material called the matrix |
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What protein fibers help strengthen loose connective tissue?
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1) Collagen - supports tissue
2) Elastin - makes tissue elastic 3) Reticulin - helps support the network of collagen |
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Where is loose connective tissue located and what is its function?
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Beneath skin; between organs
Provides support, insulation, food storage, and nourishment for epithelium |
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Where is dense connective tissue located and what is its function?
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Tendons; sheath around muscles; kidney; liver; dermis of skin
Provides flexible, strong connections |
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Where is cartilage located and what is its function?
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Spinal disks; knees and other joints; ear; nose; tracheal rings
Provides flexible support, shock absorption, and reduction of friction on load-bearing surfaces |
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Where is bone located and what is its function?
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Most of skeleton
Protects internal organs; provides rigid support for muscle attachment |
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Where is blood located and what is its function?
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Circulatory system
Functions as a highway of immune system; carries nutrients and waste; and is the primary means of communication between organs |
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What are the 3 kinds of muscle tissue?
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1) Smooth - Involuntary and unstriated
2) Skeletal - voluntary 3) Cardiac - voluntary and striated |
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Where is smooth muscle located and what is its function?
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Walls of blood vessels, stomach, and intestines
Powers rhythmic, involuntary contractions commanded by the central nervous system |
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Where is skeletal muscle located and what is its function?
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Voluntary muscles
Powers walking, lifting, talking and all other voluntary movement |
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Where is cardiac muscle and what is its function?
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Walls of heart
Highly interconnected cells; promotes rapid spread of signal initiating contraction |
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Describe Nerve tissue
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Cells include neurons and their supporting cells (neuroglia)
Most neurons consist of three parts: 1) Cell body 2) Dendrites 3) Axon |
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What is the nervous system divided into?
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1) Central nervous system - brain and spinal cord
2) Peripheral nervous system - Nerves and ganglia ( collection of cell bodies) |
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Homeostasis: What set points do humans have?
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Body temperature, blood glucose concentrations, electrolyte concentration, tendon tension
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If hypothalamus detects high temperature....
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Promotes heat dissipation via sweating and dilation of blood vessels in skin
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If hypothalamus detects low temperature......
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Promotes heat conservation via shivering and constriction of blood vessels in skin
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How do single-celled organisms and sponges digest their food?
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Intracellularly
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How do multicellular animals digest their food?
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Extracellularly ( within a digestive cavity )
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Know parts of the vertebrate digestive system
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Consists of a tubular gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs
Mouth and pharynx - entry Esophagus - delivers food to stomach Stomach - preliminary digestion Small intestine - digestion and absorption Large intestine - absorption of water and minerals Cloaca or rectum - expels waste |
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What are the accessory organs?
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Liver - produces bile
Gallbladder - stores and concentrates bile Pancreas - produces pancreatic juice, digestive enzymes and bicarbonate buffer |
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Know gastrointestinal tract layers
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Mucosa - innermost
Submucosa Muscularis Serosa - outermost |
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Know the mouth and teeth of carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores
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Carnivores - sharp teeth
Herbivores - large flat teeth for grinding cell walls Omnivores - have sharp teeth in front and flat teeth in back |
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Know how the mouth works
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1) As food moves into the back of the mouth the soft palate seals of the nasal cavity
2) During swallowing, the larynx rises and is sealed off by the epiglottis which forces the bolus into the esophagus and prevents entry into the trachea. as the bolus moves into the esophagus the larynx relaxes |
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What are 3 kinds of secretory cells
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1) Mucus - secreting cells
2) Parietal cells - Secrete HCI and intrinsic factor 3) Chief cells - Secrete pepsinogen |
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What does the small intestine consist of?
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Duodenum
Jejunum ileum |
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What does the small intestine receive?
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Chyme from stomach
Digestive enzymes and bicarbonate from pancreas Bile from liver and gallbladder |
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What does the large intestine do?
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Reabsorb water, remaining electrolytes, and vitamin K
Compacts feces and passes to the rectum feces and is exited by the anus - smooth muscle sphincter ( involuntary ) - striated muscle sphincter ( voluntary ) |
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Ruminants have a four-chambered stomach
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- Rumen, reticulum, omasum
- True stomach - abomasum - Rumen has cellulose-degrading microbes - Contents can be regurgitated and rechewed |
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What are duodenal hormones?
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- inhibit stomach contractions and prevent additional chyme from entering the duodenum
- CCK, secretin, and GIP - inhibit gastric motility and secretions - CCK also stimulates gallbladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion - Secretin also stimulates the secretion of pancreatic bicarbonate |
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What does the liver do?
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- Chemically modifies the substances absorbed from the digestive tract before they reach the rest of the body
- Ingested alcohol and other drugs are taken into liver cells and metabolized - Removes toxins, pesticides, and carcinogens, converting them to less toxic forms - Regulates levels of steroid hormones - Produces most proteins found in plasma |
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Regulation of blood glucose
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After a carbohydrate-rich meal
- Insulin stimulates removal of excess blood glucose by liver and skeletal muscles (glycogen) When blood glucose levels decrease - Glycogenolysis - glucagon stimulates liver to break down glycogen to release glucose into blood - Gluconeogenesis - liver converts other molecules into glucose if fasting continues |
