Chap 31 Fungi Exam 3/quiz 2

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Yeast

Back 1

-are unicellular fungi
-**Saccharomyces cervisiae
-asexual reproduction by budding

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Slime molds

Back 2

feeding stage ----> Plasmodium
Multinucleate(coenocytic),

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Chitin

Back 3

-found in cell walls of fungi
-insoluble polysaccharide
-found in Arthopods:- Crabs

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absorptive mode of nutrition

Back 4

secrete enzymes into substrate absorb digestive materials

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Fungi benefit..

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-principal decomposer in the ecosystems along with bacteria
-can break down " Ligin"

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Ligin

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Major component of wood broken down by fungi

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Hypha(e)

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slender filaments that make up the fungus

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Mycelium

Back 8

cluster of Hypae

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The body of most fungi consists of threadlike _____, which form a network called a _____.

Back 9

hyphae ... mycelium

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exoenzyme

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A powerful hydrolytic enzyme secreted by a fungus outside its body to digest food.

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chitin

Back 11

A structural polysaccharide of an amino sugar found in many fungi cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.

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Mycology

Back 12

study of fungi

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Coenocytic Hyphae
Note: Multinucleate

Back 13

one large cell not divided with multinuclei, no septum

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Complete septate hyphae

Back 14

Cell divided by septa (septums) with a nucleus in each division

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Incomplete septate hyphae

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cell with many nuclei and incomplete barriors septum and cytoplasmic streaming can be seen (cyclosis)-cytoplasm's moving

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Haustorium

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specialized hyphae in parasitic fungi and mycorrhizae.specialized hyphae that can penetrate the tissues of host organisms.

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Fungi' Domain and Kingdom

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Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Fungi
-classified with plants
-Heterotrophic

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Fungal Symbionts

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1) Lichens
2) Mycorrhizae(Haustoria)" fungus roots"

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Lichens
(1) Fungal Symbionts

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- Mutualistic relationship
with a fungus(Asmocyte or Basidiomycete), this relationship is called "Living Sponge" (water retention)
-Autrophic "makes the food"
->Cyanobacteria
or Chlorophyta(green algae)
Note:The symbiotic collective formed by the mutualistic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic alga or cyanobacterium.

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Body forms of Lichens

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1)Crustose
2)Foliose
3)Fruticose

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Crustose
(1)form of Lichen

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-Embed in the substrate
(Crust-like)

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Lichen are "Pioneer Organism"

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Lichens are important pioneers on newly cleared rock and soil surfaces.They break down the surface by physically penetrating and chemically attacking it, and they trap windblown soil.
- Breakdown rock/stone into soil (Soil Genesis)
- great environmental indicators

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Foliose
(2)Form of Lichens

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-" Leaf-like" thallus
-Crinkly edge
-weakly attached to substrate
(easy to pull out)

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Fruticose
(3)Form of Lichens

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-" Miniature upright shrub"
Ex. **"Pendent" Fruticose
(pendent=hanging down)

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Mycorrhizae
(2) Fungal symbionts

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-Plant Roots and Fungi
-90% Plants have this association*
-There are two types of Mycorrhizae: Endomycorrhizae, Ectomycorrhizae

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Plants dont have many root hairs

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Because they have Mycorrhizae
-involve in absorption or minerals
-protect roots during drought
-protect roots from acidic soils
-necessary for germination of orchid seeds

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Endomycorrhizae
(1)Type of Mycorrhizae

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-more common variety
-crop species:-Corn
-penetrate outer root cells

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Ectomycorrhizae
(2)Type of Mycorrhizae

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-Trees, Shurbs
-*Surround the roots rather that penetrating

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Reproduction of fungi

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1)Asexual reproduction
by Mitosis, budding
2)Sexual reproduction

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Fungal reproductive cycle

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Haploid organisms produce gamate(+/-)that initially undergo plasmogamy. After several mitotic divisions of the Dikaryotic cell(two seperated nuclei) undergo Karyogamy to form a diploid zygote(only 2n in this cycle).Then undergo meiosis to return in haploid state and produce reproductive spores

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Plasmogamy

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The fusion of the cytoplasm of cells from two individuals; occurs as one stage of syngamy

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Karyogamy

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The fusion of nuclei of two cells, as part of syngamy.

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Asexual spores
(1)type of spore

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"Conidia"
-Asexual spores produce directly from the cells of Hyphea

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Sporangiophore

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Specialized Hyphae that produce asexual spores

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Sexual spores
(2) type of spore

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-Maybe produced in sac like structure called "Ascus(e)"**

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Spore

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Unicellular reproductive cell that doesn't have to fuse with other cells to form individuals

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"Fungi Are Haploid Organisms"

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1)Haplonic life cycle
-dominant stage is Haploid
2)produce +gamete,-gamete
3)Plasmogamy(cytoplasm fuse)
4)Dikaryotic cell(two seperated nuclei)
5)Dikaryotic Organism ungergo Karyogamy(nuclei fuse)
6)Zygote(2n)undergo meiosis to return to haploid state.Then produce sexual spores-->
7) haploid organism

Front 38

What's the only diploid (2n)stage in fungal reproductive cycle

Back 38

Zygote

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Dikaryotic Hyphae

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Hyphae containing two seperate haploid nuclei
(if has only one, call Monokaryotic hyphae)

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Phylum Chytridiomycota

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"Chytrids"
Genus**Chytrichum
-most primitive of fungi
-transition btw protist and fungi

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Phylum Zygomycota(Zygomycete)

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" Zygote Fungi"
** Rhizopus stolonifer
(Black Bread Mold)

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Zygosporangium

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is equivalent to a zygote
(thick-walled structure for survive in very harsh conditions)

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Phylum Ascomycota(Ascomycete)

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"Sac-fungi"
-32,000+ species
-largest group of sexual reproductive fungi
-Yeast, Truffles, Morels(edible ascocarp), and plant pathogenic types

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ascocarp

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The fruiting body of a sac fungus (ascomycete)with numerous Asci.

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ascus

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(plural, asci ) A saclike spore capsule located at the tip of a dikaryotic hypha of a sac fungus(Ascomycete).

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Ascospores

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-sexual spores that produce in the Ascus
-There are *eight ascospores produce per ascus

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"Dutch Elm Disease"
(a europian tree)

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Phylum Ascomycota

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"Chestnut Blight"

Back 48

Phylum Ascomycota

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"Ergot" on Rye
**Claviceps perpurea

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Phylum Ascomycota

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"Ergotism" much like " LSD"
or "St.Anthony's Fire"

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Phylum Ascomycota

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Phylum Basidiomycota(Basidiomycete)

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"Club fungi"
Ex. Mushroom, pulfbolt
-Asexual reproduction is not common in Basidiomycota

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Basidiocarp(mushroom)

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-" fruiting body"
-Elaborate fruiting body of a dikaryotic mycelium of a club fungus(Basidiomycete)
-Have numerous Basidia
Ex. Mushroom

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Basidia

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"club shaped" spore forming structure

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Basidiospore

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Sexual spores

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Phylum Deuteromycota(Deuteromycete)

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"Imperfect Fungi"
-Fungi only reproduce asexually
-not taxonomic

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Ex. **Pennicilium notatum
" Penicillia"

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Phylum Deuteromycota(Deuteromycete)

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Ex. **Penicilium roqueforti
" Blue cheese "

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Phylum Deuteromycota(Deuteromycete)

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Ex. "Ringworm",
" Atheletes feet"

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Phylum Deuteromycota(Deuteromycete)