Chap 27 - Reproductive System

Front 1

Reproductive System is Composed of:

Back 1

Gonads: reproductive organs

Reproductive Tract

Accessory Glands and Organs

External Genitalia

Front 2

Structures of the Male Reproductive System

Back 2

Gonads: Testes

Reproductive Tract: Epididymis, Ductus Deferens, Ejaculatory Duct, Urethra

Accessory Glands: Seminal, Prostate, Bulbourethral
External Genitalia: Scrotum, penis

Front 3

Testes

Back 3

Male gonads

Divided into lobules w/ tightly coiled semineferous tubules.

- sight of sperm production

- semineferous tubules->rete testis->efferent ductules->epididymis

Front 4

Lobules of Testes

Back 4

Composed of tightly coiled seminiferous tubules.

- lined by nurse (sertoli) cells

Cells of Leydig found interstitially

- secrete testosterone

Front 5

Seminiferous Tubules

Back 5

Tightly coiled w/in lobules of the testes.

Lined by nurse cells

Site of sperm production

Front 6

Nurse (Sertoli) Cells

Back 6

Line seminiferous tubules

5 major fxns:

1) maintain blood testis barrier

2) support spermatogenisis (meiosis)

3) support spermiogenesis (development)

4) Secretion of inhibin

5) Secretion of androgen binding protein

Front 7

Spermatozoa

Back 7

Sex Cell

3 distinct regions:

1) Head (fertilization)

2) Neck/middle piece (atp)

3) Tail (flagella, movement)

- only example of flagella in human

Front 8

Epididymis

Back 8

Highly coiled tube that lies along posterior border of testes.

3 regions: head, body and tail

3 major fxns:

1) monitors & adjusts composition of fluid produced by seminiferous tubules

2) recycling center for damaged sperm

3) storage and maturation of sperm

Front 9

Vas/Ductus Deferens

Back 9

Begins at tail of epididymis and extends to prostate gland (as ampulla).

Combines with seminal duct to become ejaculatory duct.

Fxns:

- transport for sperm to urethra

- storage of sperm

Front 10

Spermatic Cord

Back 10

Connected to each teste, extends thru inguinal canal

Composed of:

- Vas deferens, testicular artery, pampiniform plexus, nerves and lymphatics, surrounded by cremaster muscle and CT

Front 11

Ejaculatory Duct

Back 11

Forms from jxn of ampulla of vas deferens and duct of seminal gland.

Penetrates into prostate gland and empties into urethra.

Front 12

Urethra

Back 12

Extends from urinary bladder to tip of penis.

Shared by both urinary and reproductive systems.

Regions:

- Prostatic, membranous and spongy

Front 13

Male Accessory Glands

Back 13

Seminal Glands

Prostate Gland

Bulbourethral Glands

Front 14

Seminal Glands

Back 14

Contribute ~60% of volume of semen.

Secrete seminal fluid containing:

- prostaglandins, clotting proteins, and fructose

Front 15

Prostate Gland

Back 15

Contribute ~30% of volume of semen.

Prostatic fluid: weakly acidic secretion

- seminal plasmin (antibiotic)

Front 16

Bulbourethral Glands

Back 16

Contribute ~ 5% of volume of semen

Secrete thick, sticky alkaline mucus

- neutralize any urinary acids that may remain in urethra

- provides lubrication for tip of penis

Front 17

Semen

Back 17

Ejaculation releases ~2-5ml of semen

Composed of:

1) spermatozoa

2) seminal fluid

3) enzymes

- protease to dissolve mucus secretions of vagina

- seminalplasmin antibiotic

Front 18

Scrotum

Back 18

Pouch of skin that holds testes

Lined by tunica vaginalis: a serous membrane that covers teste and lines scrotal cavity.

Dartos Muscle: wrinkling of scrotal surface

Cremaster Muscle: raises testes

Front 19

Penis

Back 19

Conducts urine to exterior and intros semen into vagina.

3 Regions:

- root, body, glans

Composed of 3 columns of erectile tissue

- 2 corpora cavernosa

- 1 corpus spongiosum

Front 20

Physiology of Erection

Back 20

1) Parasympathetic stimulation relaxes smooth muscles

2) Blood vessels dilate, vascular channels become engorged by blood

3) Erection occurs

Front 21

Physiology of Ejaculation

Back 21

1) Emission: sympathetic nervous system coordinates peristaltic contractions that sweep along vas deferens, seminal, prostate and bulbourethral glands. Mixes fluid w/ semen

2) Ejaculation: powerful rhythmic contractions of ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles

Front 22

Structures of Female Reproductive System

Back 22

Gonads: ovaries

Uterine tubes

Uterus

Vagina

Accessory Glands

Extragenitalia: clitoris, labia

Front 23

Ovaries

Back 23

Female gonads

Site of oogenesis and hormone secretion (estrogen and progesterone

Suspended in pelvis by ovarian and suspensory ligs.

Front 24

Oogenesis

Back 24

Production of female gametes

Front 25

Ovarian Cycle

Back 25

Monthly oocyte development stimulated by follicle stimulating and leutenizing hormones.

1) Primordial follicles -> Primary Ovarian Follicles

2) Secondary Primary Follicles

3) Tertiary Follicle

4) Ovulation

5) Corpus Luteum

6) Corpus Albicans

Front 26

Formation of Primary Ovarian Follicles

Back 26

Primordial follicles develop into primary follicles

Front 27

Uterine (fallopian) Tubes

Back 27

Hollow muscular tube

4 Regions:

- infundibulum: closest to ovary w/ fimbriae

- ampulla: intermediate portion

- isthmus: adj to uterine wall

Fxns:

- egg transport

- site of fertilization

Front 28

Uterus

Back 28

Small pear shaped organ

Superiorly connected to uterine tubes and inferiorly connected to vagina.

Internal Anatomy:

Fundus: top

Body: mid, lrgst region

Cervix: inferior region

Front 29

Uterus Functions

Back 29

Site of implantation

Site of fetal development

- provides protection, nutritional support, and waste removal

Front 30

Uterine Wall Layers

Back 30

Permetrium: serous membrane continuous w/ peritoneal lining

Myometrium: thickest layer ~ 90% of mass

- smooth muscle arranged in long, circ & oblique

- provides force to eject fetus

Endometrium: 10% of mass, 2 sublayers

Front 31

Endometrium of Uterus

Back 31

10% of uterine mass

Subdivided into 2 layers

- stratum basalis: anchors to myometrium

- stratum functionalis: closest to cavity

functionalis sloughs off during uterine cycle

Front 32

Uterine (menstrual) Cycle

Back 32

1) Menses

2) Proliferative Phase

3) Secretory Phase

Front 33

Menopause v. Menarche

Back 33

Menopause: last uterine cycle @ 45-55

Menarche: beginning of uterine cycle at puberty

Front 34

Menses

Back 34

Menstruation: sloughing of stratum functionalis

- 1-7 days, 35-50ml blood loss

Front 35

Proliferative Phase

Back 35

Pre Ovulatory

Stimulated and sustained by estrogen, restoration of stratum functionalis begins

Front 36

Secretory Phase

Back 36

Post Ovulatory

Enlargement of endometrial glands, accelerating rates of secretion, increasing vascularization.

Stimulated by progesterone

Front 37

Vagina

Back 37

Elastic, muscular tube extending from cervix to vestibule.

3 Major Fxns:

- passageway for elimination of menstrual fluids

- receives penis during intercourse

- serves as birth canal

Strat squamous mucosa, muscularis of smooth muscle (long and circ)

Front 38

External Genitalia

Back 38

Clitoris: homologous to penis

Labia: protects inner organs

- majora: homologous to scrotum

- minora

Front 39

Male/Female Homologous Structures

Back 39

Scrotom / Labia Majora

Prostate / Skene's (paraurethral) glands

- PSA secretions

Penis / Clitoris

Corpus Spongiosum / Vestibular Bulbs

Corpora Cavernosa / Corpus cavernosa of clitoris

Bulbourethral Gland / Greater Vestibular Gland

Front 40

Ovarian Cancer Symptoms

Back 40

Bloating

Pelvic or abdominal pain

Difficulty eating or feeling full quickly

Frequent or urgent urination