Chap 20 Key Terms Sociology

Front 1

cohort

Back 1

a group consisting of all the people born within a given time period

Front 2

concentric zone model

Back 2

an approach to urban development that argues the growth of cities occurs in a series of circular zones expanding outward from the central downtown business district.

Front 3

crude birth rate

Back 3

the number of births in a given year for every one thousand people in a population.

Front 4

crude death rate

Back 4

the number of deaths per one thousand people in a population

Front 5

demographic transition theory

Back 5

the belief that the population patterns of a country reflect the country's level of development.

Front 6

demography

Back 6

the study of human population, including its size, distribution, and composition

Front 7

fertility

Back 7

the level of childbearing within a population

Front 8

gentrification

Back 8

process whereby middle and upper middle class families invade the central city area, renovate properties, and succeed the lower income people whi resided there previously

Front 9

human ecology

Back 9

an approach to urbanization that examines the relationship between people and the physical environment

Front 10

infant mortality rate

Back 10

the number of deaths of infants under one year of age per one thousand live births.

Front 11

invasion

Back 11

the process by which a new group of residents or new type of land use arrives in an area already occupied by another group or land use.

Front 12

metropolis

Back 12

a large city that dominates an urban area economically and socially

Front 13

migration

Back 13

the movement of people into or out of a specified area.

Front 14

mortality

Back 14

the incidence of death within a population

Front 15

multiple nuclei model

Back 15

a model of urban growth that indicated that some cities have multiple centers of activity and development instead of just one central city.

Front 16

political economy model

Back 16

a model of urban growth that emphasizes that city development is the product of both political and economic decisions that benefit some people and groups while disadvantaging others.

Front 17

population

Back 17

a group of people that live in a specified geographic area.

Front 18

population composition

Back 18

the social and biological characteristics of a population

Front 19

population pyramid

Back 19

a graphic representation of a population distributed by age and sex.

Front 20

sector model

Back 20

a model of urban growth that emphasizes the role that terrain, natural geographic features, and transportation routes play in shaping cities.

Front 21

sex ratio

Back 21

the number of males for every one hundred women in a population

Front 22

succession

Back 22

the process by which a new group of residents or type of land use gradually displaces the previous group of residents or land use.

Front 23

urbanism

Back 23

characterized by the replacement of primary group memeberships and strong emotional bonds with secondary group memberships and more impersonal ties with others.

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urbanization

Back 24

the process by which an increasing proportion of a society's population comes to live in cities instead of rural areas.

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Ernest Burgess

Back 25

Human ecologist who developed the concentric zone model of urbanization

Front 26

Georg Simmel

Back 26

early symbolic-interactionist who believed that urban dwellers develop a blase attitude toward urban life.

Front 27

herbert gans

Back 27

symbolic interactionist who distinguished between five different categories of adaption among people who live in cities.

Front 28

Robert Park

Back 28

Functionalist who developed the theory of human ecology

Front 29

Thomas Robert Malthus

Back 29

Economist who proposed the population would eventually exceed the food supply if left unchecked.