Chap 2 Vocab

Front 1

Learning

Back 1

The relatively permanent change in knowledge that is acquired through experience

Front 2

Cognitive heuristic

Back 2

Information processing rules of thumb that allows us to think in ways that are quick and easy but may sometimes lead to errors.

Front 3

Conditioning

Back 3

The ability to connect stimuli ( changes that occur in the environment ) with responses ( behaviors or other actions ).

Front 4

Operant learning

Back 4

The principal that we learn new information as a result of the consequences of our behavior.

Front 5

Associational learning

Back 5

Learning that occurs when an object or event comes to be associated with a natural response, such as an automatic behavior or a positive or negative emotion.

Front 6

Observational learning

Back 6

Learning that occurs through exposure to the behavior of others.

Front 7

Prefrontal cortex

Back 7

The part of the brain that lies in front of the motor areas of the cortex & that helps us remember the characteristic and actions of other people, plan complex social behaviors and coordinate our behaviors with those of others.

Front 8

Accommodation

Back 8

The process that occurs when exsisting schemas change on the basis of new information.

Front 9

Assimilation

Back 9

The process that occurs when exsisting knowledge influences new information in a way that makes the conflicting information fit with exsisting knowledge, thus reducing the likelihood of change.

Front 10

Confirmation bias

Back 10

The tendency for people to favor information that confirms their expectations, regardless of wether the information is true.

Front 11

Self fulfilling prophecy

Back 11

A process that occurs when our expectations about others lead us to behave toward those others in a way that makes those expectations come true.

Front 12

Automatic cognition

Back 12

Refers to thinking that occurs out of awareness, quickly and without taking much effort.

Front 13

Controlled cognition

Back 13

Deliberate, effortful thinking about a topic.

Front 14

Priming

Back 14

A technique in which information is temporarily brought into memory through exposure to situational events.

Front 15

Salient

Back 15

Attracting attention, for instance things that are unique, negative, colorful, bright, or moving.

Front 16

Base rates

Back 16

The likelihood that events occur across a large population.

Front 17

Representative heuristic

Back 17

The tendency to base out judgements on information that seems to represent or match, what we expect will happen will ignoring more informative base rate information.

Front 18

Cognitive accessibility

Back 18

Refers to the extent to which a schema is activated in memory and thus likely to be used in information processing.

Front 19

Availability heuristic

Back 19

The tendency to make judgements of the frequency of an event or the likelihood that an event will occur according to the ease with which examples of the event can be retrieved from memory.

Front 20

Processing fluency

Back 20

The ease with which we can process information in our environments.

Front 21

False consensus bias

Back 21

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others are similar.

Front 22

Counter factual thinking

Back 22

The tendency to think about events according to what might've been.

Front 23

Anchoring and adjustment

Back 23

The tendency to weight initial information to heavily, to sufficiently move our judgement away from it.