Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
175 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the fertile crescent?
|
the land between the Mediterranian Sea and the Persian Gulf?
|
|
What does Mesopotamia mean?
|
"land between the rivers"
|
|
Where is mesopotmia?
|
east of the fertile crescent between the Tigris & Euphrates rivers
|
|
problems with Tigris Euphrates river flooding
|
unpredictable
took away villages |
|
Mesopotamia solutions to flooding problems
|
built dams and escape tunnels
|
|
who were the sumerians?
|
people from Asia who settled in mesopotamia
|
|
where was the birthplace of ancient cities
|
Sumer
|
|
city state
|
consisted of a city and the surrounding area
|
|
ziggurat
|
sumerian temple
|
|
what is a ziggurat made of
|
sun dried brick
|
|
ziggurats are shaped like
|
step pyramids
|
|
gov of Mesopotamian city states
|
military leader then
King who is high priest monarchy and theocracy |
|
mesopotamian society
|
men - heads of housholds
women - few rights |
|
mesopotamian system of writing
|
cunea form
|
|
oldest writing in the world
|
cunea form
|
|
cunea form
|
wedge-shaped markings
sharpened reed into clay tablets |
|
mesopotaian scribes
|
scribes studied a long time
schools - eddubas high in society |
|
Gilgamesh
|
sumerian epic poem
based on king of Uruk oldest story in the world |
|
sumerian religion
|
polytheistic
nature gods citystates w/ patron gods when argry caused disastors prevent w/ religios stuff |
|
sumerian tecnology
|
wheel, potters wheel, sundail, # system, calendar, bronze, plow
|
|
Sargon I
|
1st empire builder in mesopotamia, king of Akkadians
|
|
Akkadians
|
Semites, kingdom - Akkad
|
|
Sargon I's empire
|
united all city states in mesopotamia, spoke akkadian, Sumerian religion, disentigrated after empire
|
|
What is Ebla
|
Kingdom in N Syria
|
|
how do we know stuff about Ebla?
|
Akkadians burned archives but not tablets
|
|
What do we know about Ebla
|
trade w/ Egypt & Mesopotamia
Elected Kings destroyed by Amoites |
|
Amorites
|
Semetic People
from Syria overran Babylon |
|
Hamurabi's empire
|
controled all of Mesopotamia
Babylon center of trade trade w/ china & India |
|
how was Hamurabi's code advanced
|
justice before done by wronged, now matter of comunity, written law, job of gov to preotect people
|
|
Hamurabi's code covered
|
inheritance, theft, home life, intrest
|
|
Babylonian social classes
|
1- kings, priests, nobles
2- artsans, merchants, scribes, farmers 3- slaves laws varried by class |
|
writing of babylonians
|
cuneaform - clay tablets
|
|
decline of Babylonia
|
after Hamurabi died
again into city states Hittiets raided Babylon capital of new empire |
|
Kemet
|
"black land" name for Egypt, b/c of soil
|
|
name "egypt" comes from
|
greeks
|
|
Nile
|
flows N
floods yearly 6 cataracts forms delta |
|
cataract
|
waterfall
|
|
what did egyptaind get from Nile
|
papyrus, water, fertile soil, ducks,geese, fish,
|
|
Egypt protected by
|
desert & cataracts
|
|
people first came to egypt
|
hunter-gatheres settled -> became farmers -> vilages -> united under king
|
|
monarchy
|
ingdom under unrestricted rule of a king
|
|
2 kingdoms of Egypt
|
Upper & Lower Egypt
|
|
Lower Egypt
|
north - nile delta
|
|
Upper Egypt
|
South - Nile Vally
|
|
Narmer's other name
|
Menes
|
|
Narmer
|
king of upper egypt, conquered lower egypt, capital city - memphis,
1st egyptan dynasty |
|
dynasty
|
line of rulars from one family
|
|
civilization of old kingdom
|
upper & lower egypt sitll separate identities, features of civilization, bureaucracy
|
|
bureaucracy of old kingdom
|
group of gov. officals headed by king's vizier:
trade, taxes, built stuff |
|
when were pyramids built
|
old kingdom
|
|
Step pyramid
|
King Djoser, 1st large all-stone buildig in the world
|
|
stuff in tob w/ king for afterlife
|
clothing, weapons, ferniture, jewalry
|
|
1st dynasty of middle kingdom
|
capital - Thebes
trades along coast tried to conquer nubia, syria built cannal nile to red sea |
|
Hyksos
|
people from W asia
|
|
Hyksos invasion
|
bronze weapons & chariots vs. copper & stone weapons on foot - conquered & estabilshed new dynasty
|
|
founded first dynaty of new kingdom
|
Ahmose
|
|
drove Hyksos out
|
Ahmose
|
|
"pharaoh" means
|
"great house of the king"
|
|
what did Ahmose do
|
rebuilt egypt, temples, trade
|
|
pharaohs after Ahmose
|
conquest farther east
|
|
Thutmose III as pharaoh
|
conquered syria, pushed up to euphrates, egypt rich, cultural diffusion, empire
|
|
empire
|
bringing many territories under one rule
|
|
Amenhotep's wife
|
Nefertiti
|
|
Amenhotep
|
changed egypt from monotheistic to polytheistic
|
|
Amenhotep's god
|
Aton - sun disk god
|
|
Amenhotep's changes
|
name: Akenaten - "spirit of Aton"
moved capital to city dedicated to Aton |
|
reaction to Amenhotep's changes
|
common people regected, priests resented loss of power
|
|
Akenaten's sucessor
|
Tutankhamen
|
|
after Ramses II died
|
decline, ruled by Libyans & Kushites
|
|
Treaty after battle of Kadesh
|
permenant pease, fight as allies, unusual
|
|
Egyptian social classes
|
1-royalty, nobles, priests
2-artisans, scribes, merchants, tax colectors 3-mostly farmers could improve positon |
|
Egyptian Upper class
|
lived in elaborate homes in cities or estates
|
|
Egyptian Middle class
|
carried out buisiness, comfortable not elegant
|
|
Egyptian Lower class
|
small vilages
rented land from king worked on building projects some surved upper class |
|
role of egyptian children
|
great respect for parents,
son - maintain father's tomb |
|
role of women in old kingdom
|
property of husbands,
valued producers of children |
|
rights of women in egypt after old kingdom
|
buy/own/sell property in own name; testify in court; seek divorce; work outside of home
|
|
polytheism
|
worship of many gods
|
|
hieroglyphics
|
pictuere symbols carved on slate
|
|
hieratic
|
egyptian cursive - everyday writing
|
|
egyptian writing
|
few people literate, school for scribes,
|
|
egyptian writing
|
few people literate, school for scribes,
|
|
languages on Rosetta Stone
|
Greek & 2 forms of egyptian
|
|
rosetta stone found by
|
napoleaon's soldiers
|
|
rosetta stone found by
|
napoleaon's soldiers
|
|
rosetta stone deciferd by
|
Jean Francois Champollion
|
|
Book of dead
|
tells how to have a happy afterlife; prayers; say person is a good person; in tombs
|
|
science of egyptians
|
# system, geometry, 365 day calendar, medicine
|
|
egyptian medicine
|
knowlage of anatomy (from embalmbing); wrote directions on scrols; some magic
|
|
Subcontinent
|
large triangular-shaped land mass jutting into ocean
|
|
countries in indian subcontinent
|
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh
|
|
natural barriers of Indus R. valley civilization
|
ocean - E & W
N - Himilayas & Hindu Kush |
|
Rivers in S. asia (India)
|
Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra
|
|
climate of S. asia
|
warm weather; mountains block cold air
|
|
monsoons
|
seasonal winds
|
|
S. asia monsoons
|
NE - winter, dry
SW - summer, storms people dependent on: heavy - destroy villages light - poor crops |
|
name for Indus R valley civilizaition
|
the Harappan civilization
|
|
main cities of indus R valley civilization
|
Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro
|
|
cities of Indus R valley civilization
|
citidel, grid pattern, indoor plumbing, brick
|
|
crops of Indus R valley civilization
|
wheat, barley, rice, cotton
|
|
Indusrty of Indus R valley civilization
|
from serplus of food-
cotton cloth; mass-produced clay pots; gold/shell/ivory jewalry; bronze & copper tools; silver vessels |
|
Harappan merchants
|
soapstone seals, traded w/ mesopotamia
|
|
Harappan writing
|
pictograms, soapstone seals, don't know what they mean, adopted from mesopotamia
|
|
Harappan religion
|
animal & human figures - sugests worshiped nature gods, polytheistic
|
|
end of Indus River valley civilization
|
disapeard - don't know how
Maybe: climate changes invaders |
|
name for ancient china
|
Zhong Guo "the Middle Kingdom"
|
|
oldest continuous civilization in world
|
ancient china
|
|
barriers that caused isolation of china
|
Himmalayas, Kulun Shan, Tian Shan mountains; Gobi desert
|
|
rivers in china
|
Huang He
Chang Jiang/Yangtze Xi Jian |
|
Huang He flows
|
N -> E to yellow sea
|
|
loess
|
rich yellow soil
|
|
"the Great Sorrow"
|
Huang He b/c of floods
|
|
Yellow River
|
Huang He - loess - carried down river & deposited - makes soil rich
|
|
Chinese creation myths
|
Pang Yu - hatched grom egg - body made universe
|
|
Yu the Great
|
engeneer - control huang He flooding - Xi dynasty (1st)- no records of
|
|
Shang kings
|
high priests - comunicated w/ gods for people
|
|
Shang kings
|
high priests - comunicated w/ gods for people
|
|
oracle bones
|
call on ancestors, priests wreote on bone, applied heat, pattern=answer
|
|
oracle bones
|
call on ancestors, priests wreote on bone, applied heat, pattern=answer
|
|
chinese writing
|
many charaters, verticle columns, few literate, little conection between written & spoken language
|
|
ancient china konwn for
|
fine bronze work
|
|
chinese stuff/artifacts/they made
|
ivory/jade statues, silk, kaolin pottery
|
|
chinese cities
|
Ex: Anyang
place, temple in middle then- public building & homes of important people then- workshops & other homes |
|
Shang dynasty
|
conquered most of Huang He valley; weakened b/c no strong leaders
|
|
Wu
|
kingof territory; killed king & started new dynaty-Zhou
|
|
mandate
|
authoroty to rule
|
|
mandate of heaven
|
good king - got
bad king - lost -> new daynasty explained overthrowing of a dynasty |
|
mandate of heaven 1st apeared in
|
Zhou dynasty
|
|
chalenges to mesopotamians
|
floods, dry, small area, no natural barriers, few natural resources
|
|
technology
|
skills & tools made for special need
|
|
mesopotamians solutions to problems
|
dams, irrigation, bricks for building, traded
|
|
city state
|
city & surrounding area controled politically & economically by city
|
|
ziggurat means
|
"the mountain of god"
|
|
ziggurat means
|
"the mountain of god"
|
|
priests role in Sumer
|
told how to worship, organized projects, taxes
|
|
theocracy
|
gov ruled by a god or priest that is rep. of god
|
|
theocracy
|
gov ruled by a god or priest that is rep. of god
|
|
Sumerian gov.
|
monarchy, theocracy
rule passed from father to son |
|
sumerian religion
|
polytheism, unhappy afterlife, people @ gods mercy
|
|
Gilgamesh
|
epic of... epic poem, one of earlist works of literature, adventures of king
|
|
sumerian inovations
|
bronze, wagon & potter's wheel, arch, sundial, umbrella
|
|
sumerian # system
|
based on 60
|
|
Gilgamesh
|
epic of... epic poem, one of earlist works of literature, adventures of king
|
|
sumerian social classes
|
top- priests & kings
next- wealthy merchants, scribes next- farmers, artisans bottom- slaves |
|
women in sumerian society
|
... & childern sell to pay debts, own property, trade, lower-level priests, few scribes
|
|
empire
|
group of previously independent territories brought under one rule
|
|
semite
|
spoke language similer to hebrew or arabic
|
|
patriarchal
|
father/eldest male - leader
|
|
stele
|
upright stone slab w/ inscription
|
|
Hamurabi's code on
|
stele, picture showed came from gods
|
|
Shamesh
|
sumerian sun god
|
|
created double crown
|
Narmer
|
|
Atun
|
sun god in human form
|
|
Ra
|
sun god
|
|
son of Ra
|
pharaoh
|
|
Isis
|
nile, giver of life, wife of osiris
|
|
Osiris
|
resurection & rebirth, fought brother Seth, 1st mummy, judge of the underworld
|
|
Horus
|
Hawk, sun, defeats Seth, son of Isis & Osiris, in batttle sth plucks out "eye of horus"
|
|
built on sides of nile
|
tombs - W
living - E |
|
Giza pyramids
|
kufu (cheops) & 2 sons
perfect square |
|
Ka
|
eternal spirit of pharaoh
|
|
judging souls
|
osiris weigh heart against fether of Ma'at(truth & harmony), heavy w/ sin- eaten by devouerer of souls
|
|
Annubis
|
Jackel, god of embalmbing
|
|
Amose
|
egyptian prince - drove hiksus out, new dynasty, rebuilt egypt
|
|
Hatshepsut's relations
|
father- Thutmose I
husband/brother- Thutmose II stepson/nefew- Thutmose III |
|
Aton - different
|
said universal god, not as animal or human
|
|
El-Amarna period
|
capital - amarna
Amenhotep |
|
ankh
|
symbol for eternal life
|
|
sphinx
|
body of lion, human head
|
|
"god of technology"
|
Osiris
|
|
sybols of pharaoh
|
crook & flail
|
|
Isis pictures w/
|
cow + sundisk or throne headdress
|
|
canopic jars
|
hold: stomach, liver, lungs, intestines; protected by 4 sons of horus
|
|
chinese built with
|
wood, earthan walls of cities
|
|
feudalism
|
lords granted use of land by king in return for loyalty
|