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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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IN women, breasts extends where on the chest?
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2nd or 3rd rib ro the 6th or 7th rib, from the sternal margin to the midaxillary line.
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What composes the female breast?
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glandular and fibrous tissue
subcutaneous and retromammary fat |
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The glandular tissue is arranged into how many lobes per breast that radiate around the nipple?
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15-20 lobes
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Each lobe is composed of ___ to ____lobules?
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20-40
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Each lobule consists of milk-producing cells called?
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acini, empty into the lactiferous ducts
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What drians milk onto the nipples of the breast?
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Lactiferous duct
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What provide support for the breast?
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layer of subcutaneous fibrous tissue
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What extends from the connective tissue layer thorugh the breast and attach to the underlying muslce fascia, providing further support?
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Suspensory ligament (COoper ligaments)
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What forms the floor of the breast are what muslces?
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pectoralis major, percotralis minor, serratus anterior, latissimus dorsi, subscapularis, external oblique, and rectus abdominis
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Vascular supply to the breast is primarily thorugh what?
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branches of the internal mammary artery and ther lateral thoracic artery
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what assist in supplying the more superficial tissues?
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Intercostal arteries
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What constitutes most of the bulk of the breast?
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subcuatoeous and retromammary fat surrounds the glandular tissue
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Purpose of examination the breast is divided into five segments ?
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four quadrants and tail of spence
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Where does the greastest amount of glandular tissue lies?
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upper outer quadrant
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Where is the tail of Spence?
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breast tissue extends this quardrant into the axilla
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What composes the nipple?
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epithelium that is infiltrated with circular and longitudinal smooth muscle fibers.
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What is the process of erection?
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supported by venous statisis in the erectile vascular tissue
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What may appear on the aerola surface (Montgomery tubercles or follicles)?
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Tiny sebaceous gland
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What lymphatic system drain the skin and mammary lobules?
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Superficial lymphatics drain the skin
Deep lympahtics drain the mammary lobules |
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What nodes are more superficial and therefore more accessible and realtively easy to palpate when enlarged?
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Axillary nodes
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Where are anterior axillary(pectoral) nodes located?
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long the lower border of the pectoralis major inside the lateral axillary fold
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What drain the areola and nipple?
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midaxillary, subclavicular, and supraclavicular nodes
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What happens after menopause for females?
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glandular tissue continues to atrophy graudally and is replaced by fat deposited in thebreasts
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The inframmary ridge at the lower edge of the breast _______?
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thickens
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What cand contribute to nipple dishcarge?
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contraceptives, phenothiazines, digitalis, diruetics, steriods
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BSE should be done how often?
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once a month so that you familarize withusual appearnce and feel of your breasts
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What is the best time to do breast exams?
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2-3 days after your period ends, breast are less tender
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What are some usual findings of of the breast?
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discharge from n ipple, puckering, dimpling, scaling o fthe skin
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American cancer Society recommends BSE as an option for women starting when?
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20's
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Sensitivity of CBE in detectin breast cancer ranges from what percetn and senstivity?
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40-69%
88-99% |
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When sould a CBE be performed on a patient older than 40years of age?
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annually
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How should the patient be seated during examiantoin of breast?
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sitting postion with arms hanging at the sides
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How do you compare breast?
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size, symmetry, contour, skin color, texture venous pattern and lesions
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What does retraction and dimpling signify?
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contraction of fibrotic tissue and occurs with carcinoma
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How should Peau d' orange look on appearance?
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skin appears thickened with enlarged pores and accentuated skin markings.
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What is indicated if peau d orange is found?
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edema of breat caused by blocked lymph drainage in advanced or inflammatory carcinoma
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Should bilateral venous patterns be worrisome?
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no, usually found in pregant or obesity woman
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What if unilateral venous patterns are found?
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dilated superficial veins from increased blood flow to a malignacy
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Peppering of nontender, nonsuppurative MOntgtomery tubercles is common/or uncommone finding?
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common
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Where is Peau d orange skin associated with caricnoma is often seen first where?
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areola
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Recent unlateral or retraction of a previously eveerted nipple may be an indicator of what?
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malignancy
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How would a nipple look if you found fibortic tissue of carcinoma?
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change of axis of the nipple, causing it to point in a direction different from that of the other nipple
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What are the Five D's of Nipples?
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discharge
Depression or inversion Discoloration Dermatologic changes: paget's Deviation: compare opposite side |
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What are supernumerary nipples?
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more common in black..appear as one or more extra nipples located along the embryonic mammary ridge "milk line"
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Supernaumerary nipples may be associated with what conditions?
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congential renal or cardiac anomalies particular in whites
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Why have a women seated with arms overhead or flexed behind the neck?
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adds tension to the suspensory ligaments accentuates dimpling, may reveal variations in contour and sysmmetry
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Nodes in the supraclavicular area may indicated what if inflammed?
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sentinel nodes (Virchow nodes) enlargement is highly siginficant.
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Virchow nodes are true indcations of what?
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first sign of invastion of the lymphatics by abdominal or throracicc carcinoma.
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Are nodes palpable?
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no, if they are it is a sign of inflammatory or malignant process
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How do you describe findings of nodes?
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size, shape, consistency, tenderness, fixation, delination of borders
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Palpating the breast should use what part of the hand because it is more senstivie than your fingertips?
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finger pads
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How should breast tissue of adult women feel?
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dense, firm, and elastic
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What are some characteristics of older womens breast?
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flattened, elongated, suspended more loosely, glandular tissue atrophy and relaxation of suspensory ligament
finer, granular feel on palpation Inframmary ridge thickens |
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Benign cyst formation causes by ductal enlargement associated with long follicular or luteal phase of menstrual cycle?
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Fibrocystic changes
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What is the age ranges for Fibrocystic changes?
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20-49
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what are some signs and symptoms of cancer or Breast masses?
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age 30-80
usually unilateral single number irregular shape; fixed, usually nontender poorly delineated |
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What is Fibroadenoma?
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benign tumors composed of stromal and epitheal elements that represent a hyperplastic or proliferative process in a single terminal duct.
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Majority of malignant breast tumors occurring in women at what age?
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older than 50
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80% of patients with breast cancer have what?
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painless lump in the breast as the intial symptom
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What are some findings of breast cancer?
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mass or thickening and vascular systems.
marked asymmetry prominent unilateral veins discoloartions, peau d' orange, dimpling, pukering, retraciton |
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Benign 2-3 cm tumors of the subareolar ducts may occur singly or in muliples.?
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Intraductal papillomas
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Papillomas are a common cause or what ?
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serous or bloody nipple discharge
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What is a red, scaling, crusty, patch forms on the nipple, areola, and surrounding skin?
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Paget disease
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How does Paget disease appear?
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eczematours, but unlike eczema, may occur unilateraly and does not respond to steriods
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What is Galactorrhea?
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lactation not assoicated with childbearing
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What is the cause of Galactorrhea?
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drugs, especially phenothiazines, trycyclic antidepressants, some antihypertinsive agents and estrogens
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Intrinsics causes fo galactorrhea?
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prolactin-secreting tumors, pituitary tumors, hypothyroidism, Cushing syndrome, hypoglycemia
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