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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Control and Adjust Activities of Other Systems |
Endocrine System: slow but longer lasting response (hormones) Nervous System: fast but short lasting response |
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Two Anatomical Subdivisions of the Nervous System |
Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System |
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Central Nervous System |
Consists of the spinal cord and brain Integrates, processes and coordinates. Responsible for intelligence, memory, learning and emotion. |
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Peripheral Nervous System |
Neural tissue outside of the CNS Provides sensory info to the CNS Carries motor commands to peripheral tissues |
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Subdivisions of the PNS |
Afferent division: PNS brings sensory info to the CNS (receptors to CNS) Efferent division: carries motor commands to muscles and glands (CNS to effector) |
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Subdivisions of the Efferent Division |
Somatic Nervous System (SNS): - controls skeletal muscle contractions (voluntary or involuntary) Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): - visceral motor system - regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands (involuntary) |
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Receptors of the Afferent Division |
Somatic sensory receptors: monitor skeletal muscles, joints and the skin Visceral sensory receptors: monitor smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands Special sense organs: eye, nose, tongue, and ear |
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Neural Tissue Cell Types |
Neurons: nerve cells Neuroglia: supporting cells |
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Neurons |
Nerve cells that are responsible for the txfr and processing of info in the nervous system. Unlike other cells, cannot divide - 2 regions in brain capable of dividing (memory and olfactory) High metabolic rate |
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Neuroglia |
Supporting cells that isolate neurons (blood brain barrier) - provide framework for neural tissue - maintain intercellular environment - act as phagocytes ~ 100billion cells (5x's more than neurons) - capable of cell division |
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Neuron Structure |
Soma: cell body Dendrites: respond to specific stimuli Dendritic spines: receive signals from environment or other cells Axon: conducts nerve impulse toward synaptic terminals. Synaptic terminals: affect another neuron or effector organ. |
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Neuroglia Cell Types |
CNS: - oligodendrocytes - astrocytes - microglia - ependymal PNS: - Schwann cells - satellite cells |
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Oligodendrocytes |
Neuroglia found in CNS Myelinate CNS axons Provide structural framework |
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Astrocytes |
Largest and most numerous neuroglia cells of the CNS Control interstitial environment Maintain bld/brn barrier Structural support Repair damaged neural tissue Guide neural development (embryonic) |
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Microglia |
Smallest neuroglia cells of CNS Remove cell debris, waste, and pathogens by phagocytosis. |
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Ependymal Cells |
Line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. Assist in producing, circulating, and monitoring cerebralspinal fluid |
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Schwann Cells |
Surround all axons in the PNS Myelination of peripheral axons. Repair |
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Satellite Cells |
Surround cell bodies in peripheral ganglia Regulate exchange of nutrients and waste products Isolate neuron from stimuli other that those provided at synapse. |
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Anatomical Classification of Neurons |
Anaxonic: no differences between dendrites and axons. Special senses in CNS Bipolar: numerous dendrites attached to soma via single dendrite. Axon extends from opposite end. Pseudounipolar: continuous dendritic and axonal processes, soma off to side Multipolar: several dendrites attached to soma and single axon |
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Functional Classification of Neurons |
Sensory neurons: pseudounipolar, afferent division of PNS Motor neurons: multipolar, efferent division of PNS Interneurons: multipolar, between sensory and motor neurons in CNS |
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Sensory Neurons |
Pseudounipolar neurons of the afferent division of the PNS. Collect info regarding external (somatic)/internal (visceral) environment Deliver info to CNS Afferent fibers extend from receptor to CNS Receptors categorized as: - exteroceptors - propioceptors - interoceptors |
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Exteroceptor |
Provide info about external environment (touch, temp, pressure, sight, smell, hearing) |
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Propioceptors |
Monitor the position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints. |
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Interoceptors |
Monitor digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, and reproductive systems. Provide sensations of deep pressure and pain and taste. |
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Motor Neurons |
Multipolar neurons that stimulate or modify the activity of a peripheral tissue, organ or organ system. Efferent fibers travel away from the CNS. Somatic motor neurons: innervate skeletal muscle Visceral motor neurons: innervate peripheral effectors other than skeletal muscle |
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Interneurons |
Situated between sensory and motor neurons. Located entirely in the CNS Responsible for the analysis of sensory input and coordination of motor output Responses can be excitatory or inhibitory |
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Types of Neuronal Junctions |
neuron to neuron neuromuscular jxn neuroglandular jxn |
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Types of Synapses |
Chemical synapses: neurotransmitter Electrical synapses: ionic |
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Neuronal Circuits |
Divergence: spreading stimulation to several Convergence: input to single neuron from many Serial Processing: neurons work in sequence Parallel Processing: neurons process simultaneously Reverberation: feedback mechanism |
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Basal Nuclei |
3 collections of gray matter w/in the brain Smooth out functions |
