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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nervous system work along side what other system
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Endocrine System-effects last longer
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Primary function of Nervous system
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-directs immediate response to stimuli
-Includes all neural tissue |
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Neural tissue consists of what?
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Neurons
Neuroglia |
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Neural tissue forms what?
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Organs of nervous system
ie: -Brain -Spinal cord -Receptors |
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2 major divisions of nervous system
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CNS
-Brain and spinal cord PNS -All other neural tissure outside of CNS ie: -Receptors -Nerves -Ganglia |
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CNS acts as a control system for what?
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Nervous system
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Functions of CNS
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Sensory Data
-Convey info about conditions inside/outside body -Motor commands: Control/adjust activities of peripheral organs, e.g., skeletal muscles -Higher functions of brain: Intelligence, memory, learning, emotion |
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Higher functions of brain:
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Intelligence, memory, learning, emotion
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CNS Function
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Provides short-term control over activities of other systems
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Brain: Functions
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-Performs complex integrative functions
-Seat of higher functions, e.g., intelligence, memory, learning, emotion -Controls voluntary and autonomic activities |
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Spinal Cord functions
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-Relays information to/from brain
-Performs less-complex integrative functions -Directs many simple involuntary activities |
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Spinal cord ends where?
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Between L1 and L2
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spinal cord is structurally and functionally integrated with
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Brain
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Spinal cord divided into 4 regions. What are they?
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Cervical (C)
Thoracic (T) Lumbar (L) Sacral (S) |
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How many pairs of spinal nerves
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31
Named for regions |
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Conus medullaris (medullary cone):
Conical structure at T-L junction Filum terminale (terminal filum): Thin strand of fibrous tissue at end of conus medullaris |
Cauda equina (“horse tail”):
Bundle of elongated nerve roots extending below conus medullaris (L2-S5) Note: After age 4, vertebral column continues to elongate but spinal cord does not therefore roots elongate |
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Grooves divide spinal cord in to what?
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Left and right
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Posterior sulcus is where?
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On posterior side
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Anterior median fissure...what/where
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Deeper wider groove on anterior side
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Dorsal root contains:
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axons of sensory (afferent) neurons coming from receptors
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ventral root contains:
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axons of motor (efferent) neurons going to effectors
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Dorsal root ganglion contains:
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cell bodies of sensory neurons
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Sensory goes in the _____.
Motor goes in the _______. |
-Back
-Front |
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Mixed nerves do what?
What are mixed nerves? |
Carry both sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) fibers
-Spinal Nerves |
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What is nerve plexus?
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Complex interwoven network of nerve fibers of adjacent spinal nerves
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When are Nerves plexus formed
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during development
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nerves arising at a plexus are?
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mixed nerves (like spinal nerves)
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what do nerves arising ar a plexus control?
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skeletal muscles of neck, upper torso, limbs
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Cervical plexus
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Neck, thoracic cavity, diaphragm
Phrenic nerve C1-C4 |
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Brachial plexus
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Shoulder/pectoral girdle and upper limbs
Radial and ulnar nerves C5-T1 |
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Lumbar Plexus
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Pelvic girdle and lower limbs
Femoral nerve L1-L5 |
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Sacral Plexus
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Pelvic girdle and lower limbs
Sciatic nerve L4-S4 |
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Thoracics not involved much in nerves.
Which on is the only one involved with the plexus? |
T1
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what are Meninges?
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Specialized, protective membranes
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what do meninges do and what soft tissue do the protect?
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-Separate, isolate, protect soft tissue of:
-Spinal cord from bones of vertebra (spinal meninges) -Brain from bones of skull (cranial meninges) |
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3 layers of meninges
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-Dura (“hard”) mater – outermost covering
-Arachnoid mater – middle layer -Pia (“delicate”) mater – innermost layer |
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where is epidural space located?
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between vertebra and dura mater
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Where is Subarachnoid space located?
Contains what? |
-Between arachnoid membrane and pia mater
-Filled with CSF Acts as shock absorber Carries dissolved gases, nutrients, chemical messengers, waste products |
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What is meningitis?
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Inflammation of meningeal membranes:
Spinal Cerebral Very serious disease of infancy and childhood Often develops following respiratory, throat or ear infections Can be caused by viruses or bacteria Symptoms: high fever, stiff neck, drowsiness, intense headache, coma, death |
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Name the 4 Major nerves plexuses
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Cervical
Brachial Lumbar Sacral |
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Spinal Cord Gray matter contains what?
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Neuron Cell bodies
Neuroglia UNmylinated axons Gray commissure(where axons connect R/L sides) |
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Central canal contains what fluid?
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CSF
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Name the 3 gray horn areas
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Posterior
Lateral Anterior |
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Gray matter organized with in the horn in what fashion?
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Somatic------ Sensory
Visceral------ Nuclei Visceral---- Motor Somatic---- nuclei |
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Spinal cord White matter contain what?
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Myelinated axons
Similar distribution as nuclei in gray matter Relay Sensory and motor in same direction to brain(ascending or descending) |
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What is Sympathetic Chain Ganglia
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String of ganglia alongside spinal cord
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Paraplegia
Quadriplegia |
Loss of use of lower limbs
Loss of use of upper and lower limbs damage to C5 and upwards |
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the Brain contains how much of the body's neural tissue?
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98%
100 BILLION Neurons |
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When CNS is being developed it is call what?
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Neural tube
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Name the 3 primary vesicles in 3rd week gestation. In cephalic portion
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Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon Rhombencephalon |
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6th week of development_ name secondary vesicles
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Telencephalon
Diencephalon Mesencephalon Metencephalon Myelencephalon |
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Brain Regions at BIRTH
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Cerebrum
Diencephalon Mesencephalon Cerebellum and Pons Medulla Oblongata |
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CSF stand for what?
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Cerebrospinal Fluid
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What is the biochemical barrier isolation called?
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Blood-brain barrier
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What stabilizes brain in cranial cavity?
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Cranial Meninges
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Cranial Meninges have 3 layers like spinal meninges. What are they?
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Dura Mater
Arachnoid Mater Pia Mater They are continuous with Spinal meninges |
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what are the 2 fibrous layers of dura mater
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Outer layer (endosteal)
Inner layer (meningeal) |
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Dural Folds extend in to what cavity?
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Cranial Cavity
Act as a seatbelt (satbilizes and supports brain |
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Arachnoid mater consists of 2 things
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Arachnoid membrane
Arachnoid trabeculae |
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Pia mater is attached to brain by ___?
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Astrocytes
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CSF is produced by what cell?
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Ependymal
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Where does CSF circulate?
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Throught Ventricles
TO central canal of spinal cord Into subarachnoid space around brain Enters venous circulation through villi |
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Hydrocephalus
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"Water on the vrain"
impaired circulation or production of CSF |
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6 major regionsof the brain
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Cerebrum
Cerebellum Diencephalon Mesencephalon Pons Medulla Oblongata |
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Largest part of the brain?
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Cerebrum
80% volume |
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longitudinal fissure
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divides cerebrum into L and R portions
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Corpus Callosum connects what?
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L and R portions of cerebrum
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AKA for cerebral cortex
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Neural Cortex
Has folded surfaces-increases surface area...more space for cortical neurins |
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Folded surface of cerebral cortex has these features
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Gyri-Elevated ridges
Sulci-Hollow depressions Fissures- Deeper Grooves |
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Central sulcus
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Groove across hemisphere
Seperates motor and sensory areas |
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Postcentral gyrus
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Primary sensory cortex
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Precentral Gyrus
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Primary motor cortex
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Name the 5 cerebral lobes
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Frontal
parietal Occipital Temporal Insula |
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Name the cerebral "dividers"
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Longitudinal Fissure
Central Sulcus Parieto-occiptial Sulcus Lateral/horizontal sulcus Transverse fissure |
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Cerebral gray matter found where?
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Cerebral cortex and cerebral nuclei
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what are the 3 types of cerebral white matter axons?
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Assoc. fibers
Commissural fibers Projection fibers |
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Shorter assoc fibers called?
Longer assoc fibers called? |
arcuate
Longitudinal fasciculi |
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T/F
Commissural and projections fibers connect 2 hemispheres |
Comm.fibers One hemi to another
Projection: Vercital from cerebral cortex to parts of brain and Spinal cord ALL PASS THROUGH DIENCEPHALON |
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Name the 3 integrated control centers of the nervous system
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1) Cerebral Cortex
2) Cerebellum 3) Hypothalamus |
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Special sensory cortexes
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Visual O-Optics
Auditory T-Tunes Gustatory I-Ingestion of tasty food |
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What are the neurons of surface of precentral gyrus
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Pyramidal cells
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4 Sensory assoc areas
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Parietal
Occipital Temporal Frontal(mostly motor assoc area) |
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Usually found on left hemi
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Wernicke area/Gnostic
General interpretative area |
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What is Speech center called?
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Broca's Area
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Prefrontal Cortex
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Where emotions are. Lobotomy is done here
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