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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Steroid Hormones
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a. Are lipid soluble; can diffuse into a target cell.
b. Bind to receptor producing a hormone/receptor complex. c. Activated complex “turns on” DNA. d. DNA transcription produces m-RNA. e. m-RNA translation produces protein. f. Protein (as an enzyme) initiates a metabolic activity. g. An example: the adrenal gland produces aldosterone which causes the kidneys to reabsorb Na+ this in turn increases blood pressure. |
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Nonsteroid Hormones (second messenger system)
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a. Hormone plus its receptor activated adenylate cyclase.
b. Adenylate cyclase (an enzyme) converts ATP to cyclic AMP (the second messenger). c. Cyclic AMP activates protein kinases. d. Kinase activates a spec substrate. e. The substrate causes cellular changes. f. An example: TSH causes the thyroid to produce thyroxine. |
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Pituitary Gland Characteristics
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a. attached to hypothalamus by infundibulum (sella turcica)
b. it's secretions are regulated by hypothalamus c. has 2 lobes, anterior and posterior |
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Controls homonal secretions
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a. hypothalamus
b. changes in internal environment. c. nervous system d. negative feedback |
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Pituitary Gland portal system
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a. primary capillary network in the posterior pituitary carries hormones via portal veins to secondary capillary network in the anterior pituitary
b. hormones using this shortcut are anterior pituitary hormone regulators. |
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Anterior Pituitary Hormones
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a. Growth hormone (GH): stimulates cell division and regulates metabolism.
b. Prolactin(PRL): stimulates milk production. c. Thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH): controls secretions of thyroid gland. d. Follicle stimulating hormone(FSH): stimulates the gonads. e. Luteinizing hormone(LH): stimulates the gonads. f. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): controls secretions from adrenals. g. Melanocyte stimulating hormone(MSH): increases pigmentation (fetal development) |
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Posterior Pituitary Hormones
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a. Produced by the hupothalamus.
b. stored in posterior pituitary. 1. Antidiuretic hormone- regulates urine productin. 2. Oxytocin - stimulates the uterus to contract. |
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Thyroid Gland Characteristics
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a. Located just below the larynx.
b. made up of many secretory sacs called thyroid follicles. c. Lumen of sac is filled with thyroglobulin; follicle cells secrete hormones into thyroglobulin for storage. d. C-cells are scattered between follicular cells. |
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Thyroid Hormones
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a. Follicular cells secrete thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). they affect nearly every tissue of our body. effect is exerted on our metabolism rate and is important for normal growth and development.
b. C-cells secrete calcitonin which is involved in regulating blood Ca++ levels |
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Hypothyroidism
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Cretinism
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Hyperthyroidism
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Graves Disease
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Parathyroid Gland
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Hormones regulate;
a. release of Ca++ from bones by stimulating osteoclasts b. Absorption of Ca++ from food in intestines by stimulating production of vitamin D. c. reabsorption of Ca++ in kidneys. |
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Hyperparathyroidism
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a. soft bones, many fractures
b. excessive Ca++ release, causes kidney stones |
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Hypocalcemia
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Electrolyte imbalance
a. increased influx of Na+ because membrane permeability changes b. depolarization causes nervousness, muscle spasms, arrythmias, convulsions, tetany of respiratory muscles, death |
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Adrenal Medula Characteristics
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a. formed embryonically from neural tissue.
b. stimulated by sympathetic fibers (nervous control) |
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Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla
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a. Epinephrine = adrenalin
b. Norepinephrine = precursor of epinephrine; is also a neurotransmitter. when fight/flight response is activated not essential for life |
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Adrenal Cortex
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Produces corticosteroids
a. mineralocorticoids b. glucocorticoids c. gonadocorticoids |
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Mineralocorticoids from the adrenal cortex
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a. regulates electrolytes
b. aldosterone most prevalent 1. maintains Na+ balance 2. causes ^ in blood pressure 3. regulated by renin-angiotensin system |
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Glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex
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a. regulated by ACTH
b. influence metabolism of most cells c. essential for life d. cortisol most prevalent |
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cortisol (from adrenal cortex)
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a. functions in the formation of glucose from fats and amino acids
b. its influence on glucose levels helps to control body stress by providing glucose for energy but an increase in cortisol from prolonged stress produces a decrease in immune system c. hydrocortisone (drug) used to control chronic inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus |
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Gonadocorticoids from the adrenal cortex
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a. sex hormones: adrenal androgen and estrogen
b. insignificant compared to amount of sex hormones produced by testes and ovaries |
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Pancreas
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Located posterior to stomach
main part is the islets of langerhans a. alpha cells secrete glucagon b. beta cells secrete insulin c. delta cells secrete a growth hormone inhibitory factor |
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Glucagon from pancreas
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a. targets liver
b. promotes glycogenolysis(glycogen breaks down to glucose) c. promotes gluconeogenesis (formation of glucose from fatty acids and amino acids) d. causes increase in blood glucose level |
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Pancreas hormones
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a. glucagon
b. insulin |
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Insulin from the pancreas
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a. targets most cells except liver, kidney and brain
b. needed to increase target cells ability to take up glucose and amino acids c. opposite effect from glucagon; it decreases blood glucose d. stimulates adipose cells to store fat |
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Diabetes Mellitus Characteristics
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a. results from hyposecretion or hypoactivity of insulin which causes blood glucose levels to remain high.
b. glucose can't enter tissue cells so it is excreted in urine c. fats myst be used for fuel. this causes decrease in blood pH which leads to ketosis. Ketosis is a depression of nervous system which leads to coma and death if unchecked |
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Type 1 diabetes
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a. Juvenile onset
b. insulin dependent |
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Type II Diabetes
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a. Maturity onset
b. starts out as noninsulin dependent c. insulin receptors lose their sensitivity d. often can control with diet and exercise |
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Pineal gland
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a. Hangs from the roof of the 3rd ventricle within the diencephalon
b. secretes melatonin 1. seasonal affective disorder (SAD) 2. jet lag effect; melatonin reversal |
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Thymus
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a. base of trachea, anterior to heart
b. secretes thymosin which influences the production of immunological competent T-cells. |
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Reproductive Glands
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a. ovaries secrete estrogen and progesterone
b. testes secrete testosterone c. placenta secretes estrogen, progesterone, and a gonadotropin |
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Digestive Glands
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a. in the digestive tract
b. secreting hormone stimulates gastric glands c. cholecystokinin inhibits gastric secretions |
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Response to stress by the hypothalamus
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a. activates "fight or flight" response
1. raises blood glucose, glycerol, and fatty acids 2. raises blood pressure and breathing rate 3. increases secretions of epinephrine from adrenal medulla b. increases secretion of cortisol from adrenal cortex 1. supplies cells with extra energy sources 2. depresses the immune response (tend to get sick when under prolonged stress |
