Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Central Nervous system
|
brain and spinal cord
|
|
|
peripheral nervous system
|
nerves and receptors
|
|
|
afferent
|
transmit impulses from receptors to CNS
|
|
|
efferent
|
transmit impulses from peripheral division to motor division
|
|
|
autonomic nervous system
|
involuntary processes innervated by nervous system. broken down into 2 parts: parasymphatetic and sympathetic
|
|
|
sympathetic nervous system
|
involuntary process that acts under emergency situations
|
|
|
parasympathetic
|
nonemergency situations
|
|
|
somatic nervous system
|
voluntary muscle. impulses from CNS to motor muscles
|
|
|
2 nervous cell types
|
1. neurons-only cells in body to carry an action potential
2. neuroglia (glia, glial tissue) |
|
|
5 neuroglia cells
|
astrocyte
microglial ependydmal schwann oligodendrocyte |
|
|
astrocyte
|
anchors by wrapping around capillaries and nerve cells. Determines also what can and cannot leave the cappilary. Maintains interstitial fluid chemical balances
|
|
|
microglial cell
|
important in immune function of nervous system. Phagocytizes bacteria, virus, toxins, etc. Kin to a WBC
|
|
|
ependydimal cell
|
transports CSF
|
|
|
oligodendrocyte
|
produces myelin sheith of CNS
|
|
|
Schwann neurolemmocyte
|
insulates axons with myelin sheith of the PNS. Contains satelite cells
|
|
|
ganglion
|
group of nerve cell bodies within the PNS
|
|
|
nucleus
|
group of nerve cell bodies within the CNS
|
|
|
Neuron characteristicas
|
has cell body (soma, pericaron) w/ nucleaus, nissil bodies w/ R ER, dendrites that relay incoming pusles, axon hillock, terminal branches
|
|
|
nodes of ranvier
|
area on the axon between shwann cells
|
|
|
axosomatic synapse
|
axon of one neuron attaches to a body of another
|
|
|
axodendritic synapse
|
axon of one nerson attaches to dentdrites
|
|
|
axoaxonic
|
axon of one neuron attaches to an axon of another
|
|
|
multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar
structural classification |
many process, 2 processes or one process extending from soma.
|
|
|
functional classification of neuron
|
direction of impulse. afferent, efferent, association
|
|
|
neurolemma
|
cell membrane of schwann cell
|
|
|
chemically gated ion channel
|
intergral proteins sit in the phosolipid bilayer. need a chemical to bind to receptor site
|
|
|
voltage gated ion channel
|
inside of cell is negative, outside is positive, when depolarized channel opens
|
|
|
sodium potassium pump
|
K+ and Na+ try to sneak out through cell membrane. if it gets out it is pumped back in
|
|
|
depolarization
|
`Na+ floods in, K+ floods out
|
|
|
repolarization
|
K+ pumped out of cell
|
|
|
threshold
|
amount of stimulus needed to creat an action potential
|
|
|
absolute refractory period
|
period where neuron is resting to such an extent that you can zap it all you want and nothings gonna happen. all Na+ gates are open
|
|
|
relative refractory period
|
associates with repolarization. not all Na+ gates are open so if the stimulus is great enough, depolarization can occur
|
|
|
saltatory conduction
|
action potential jumps from one node to the next skipping the myelinated part. faster transmission then unmyelinated
|
|
|
neurotransmitters
|
catecholamines
indolamines |
|
|
catecholamines
|
norepinethrine, dopamine, epinephrine
|
|
|
indolamines
|
seratonin, histamine
|
|
|
diencephalon
|
thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus
|
|
|
hypothalamus
|
80% of dienchephalon. afferent impulses for all sense and parts of the body converge in the thalamus and synapse with at least one of its nuclei. It plays a key role in sensation, motor activities. cortical arousal, learning and memeory.
|
|
|
hypothalamus
|
caps the brain stem. main visceral control center of the body. overall body homeostasis. autonomic, emotional responce, body temp, apetit, water balance and thirst, sleep cycle, endocrine system
|
|
|
epithalamuc
|
pineal gland- sleep awake cycle and aspects
|
|
|
brain stem
|
3 structures- pons, medulla, midbrain
|
|
|
centers in brain stem
|
pyramid- wiring to muscles involved in motor skills. dicussation of pyramids- crossing over of wiring
|
|
|
cerebellum
|
- helps maintain posture and balance, fine control of skeletal muscles
|
|
|
lymbic system
|
has an important rol in how we respond emotionally to stimuli
|
|
|
eeg
|
graphic representation of electrical activity of the brain
|
|
|
protective coverings of the brain
|
hair, scalp, periosteum, skull, dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
|
|
|
2 layers of dura mater
|
periostel and menigeal
|
|
|
subdural space
|
space between dura mater and arachnoid
|
|
|
subarachnoid space
|
space between arachnoid and pia mater. this is where CSF circulates
|
|
|
Arachnoid villi
|
soak up excess CFS and transports it to venus system
|
|
|
superioe sagital sinus
|
cavity below dura mater
|
|
|
septum pellucidum
|
separates 2 ventricles
|
|
|
coroid plexus
|
produced by capillaries, produces CSF. CSF produced in lateral ventricales, it merges then to 3rd ventricle then in cerebral aquaduct into 4th ventricle
|
|
|
apature
|
pening in 4th ventricle into arachnoid space and central canal of spinal cord
|
|
|
functions of CSF
|
cushion brain, provide nutrients to maintain good environment
removes waste products |
|
|
conus medillaris
|
between l1 and l2. spinal cord ends because vertebral column grows too fast
|
|
|
choroid plexus
|
produces CSF. Pia mater has a fold, around fold is a capillary then a layer of ependymal cells. the ependymal cells say what gets ito the capillaries and what doesnt. it filter the CSF
|
|
|
cause equina
|
strip of pia mater that holds to the sacrum. tail of nerves for lumbar and sacral area
|
|
|
gray matter of spinal cord
|
gray matter , looks like butterfly. separeated into horns, posterior, anterior, and lateral. anterior median fissure, posterior median sulcus
|
|
|
white matter of spinal cord
|
separted into column. veniculus. posterior, anterior and lateral
|
|
|
tracts
|
bundles of axons
|
|
|
blood/brain barrier
|
only allos certain things get through. lipid soluable substances. tight junctions and astrocytes
|
|
|
lymbic system
|
importance in emotion
|
|
|
gray commisure
|
gray matter of spinal cord with central canal. associated with 4th ventrical
|
|
|
simple reflex arc
|
sensory to association to motor. same as afferent to intergrate to efferent
unipolar to nulti to multi |
|
|
spinal cord
|
central cavity surrounded by a gray amtter core, external to which is white matter composed of myelinated fiber tracts
|
|
|
brain
|
similair to spinal cord but with additional areas of gray amtter. cerebelum has gray matter in nuclei, cerebrum has nuclei and additional gray amtter in the cortex
|
|
|
ventricles of the brain
|
arise from the expansion of the lumen of the neural tube. they are c shapes lateral ventricles. 3rd found in diencephalon 4th in the hindbrain dorsal to the pons
|
|
|
cebral hemisphere
|
83% of brain mass. has ridges gyri, and grooves, sulci. contain deep grooves fissures. and separated by longitudinal fissure. 3 basic regions cortex, white matter and basal nuclei
|
|
|
5 lobes divided by deep sulci
|
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital and insula
|
|
|
central sulcus
|
separated the brain into frontal and parietal lobes. surrounded by the precentral and postcentral gyri
|
|
|
cortex
|
superficial gray amtter accounting for 40% of the mass of the brain. enables sensation, comm, memory, understanding and movements
|
|
|
functional areas
|
motor areaa- volun. movement
sensory area- conscious awareness of sensation. association area- integrate diverse information |
|
|
broca's area
|
located anterior to the inferior region of premotor area. present in only 1 hemisphere usually left. a motor speech area that directs the muscles of the tounge.. it is active as you prepare to speak
|
|
|
wernicke's area
|
involved in sounding out unfamilair words
|
|
|
infundibulum
|
stalk of the hypothalamus, connects to the pituitary gland. main visceral control of the body
|
|
|
lymbic system
|
has an important rol in how we respond emotionally to stimuli
|
|
|
eeg
|
graphic representation of electrical activity of the brain
|
|
|
protective coverings of the brain
|
hair, scalp, periosteum, skull, dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
|
|
|
2 layers of dura mater
|
periostel and menigeal
|
|
|
subdural space
|
space between dura mater and arachnoid
|
|
|
subarachnoid space
|
space between arachnoid and pia mater. this is where CSF circulates
|
|
|
Arachnoid villi
|
soak up excess CFS and transports it to venus system
|
|
|
superioe sagital sinus
|
cavity below dura mater
|
|
|
septum pellucidum
|
separates 2 ventricles
|
|
|
coroid plexus
|
produced by capillaries, produces CSF. CSF produced in lateral ventricales, it merges then to 3rd ventricle then in cerebral aquaduct into 4th ventricle
|
|
|
apature
|
pening in 4th ventricle into arachnoid space and central canal of spinal cord
|
|
|
functions of CSF
|
cushion brain, provide nutrients to maintain good environment
removes waste products |
|
|
conus medillaris
|
between l1 and l2. spinal cord ends because vertebral column grows too fast
|
|
|
choroid plexus
|
produces CSF. Pia mater has a fold, around fold is a capillary then a layer of ependymal cells. the ependymal cells say what gets ito the capillaries and what doesnt. it filter the CSF
|
|
|
cause equina
|
strip of pia mater that holds to the sacrum. tail of nerves for lumbar and sacral area
|
|
|
lymbic system
|
has an important rol in how we respond emotionally to stimuli
|
|
|
eeg
|
graphic representation of electrical activity of the brain
|
|
|
protective coverings of the brain
|
hair, scalp, periosteum, skull, dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
|
|
|
2 layers of dura mater
|
periostel and menigeal
|
|
|
subdural space
|
space between dura mater and arachnoid
|
|
|
subarachnoid space
|
space between arachnoid and pia mater. this is where CSF circulates
|
|
|
Arachnoid villi
|
soak up excess CFS and transports it to venus system
|
|
|
superioe sagital sinus
|
cavity below dura mater
|
|
|
septum pellucidum
|
separates 2 ventricles
|
|
|
coroid plexus
|
produced by capillaries, produces CSF. CSF produced in lateral ventricales, it merges then to 3rd ventricle then in cerebral aquaduct into 4th ventricle
|
|
|
apature
|
pening in 4th ventricle into arachnoid space and central canal of spinal cord
|
|
|
functions of CSF
|
cushion brain, provide nutrients to maintain good environment
removes waste products |
|
|
conus medillaris
|
between l1 and l2. spinal cord ends because vertebral column grows too fast
|
|
|
choroid plexus
|
produces CSF. Pia mater has a fold, around fold is a capillary then a layer of ependymal cells. the ependymal cells say what gets ito the capillaries and what doesnt. it filter the CSF
|
|
|
cause equina
|
strip of pia mater that holds to the sacrum. tail of nerves for lumbar and sacral area
|
|
|
lymbic system
|
has an important rol in how we respond emotionally to stimuli
|
|
|
eeg
|
graphic representation of electrical activity of the brain
|
|
|
protective coverings of the brain
|
hair, scalp, periosteum, skull, dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
|
|
|
2 layers of dura mater
|
periostel and menigeal
|
|
|
subdural space
|
space between dura mater and arachnoid
|
|
|
subarachnoid space
|
space between arachnoid and pia mater. this is where CSF circulates
|
|
|
Arachnoid villi
|
soak up excess CFS and transports it to venus system
|
|
|
superioe sagital sinus
|
cavity below dura mater
|
|
|
septum pellucidum
|
separates 2 ventricles
|
|
|
coroid plexus
|
produced by capillaries, produces CSF. CSF produced in lateral ventricales, it merges then to 3rd ventricle then in cerebral aquaduct into 4th ventricle
|
|
|
apature
|
pening in 4th ventricle into arachnoid space and central canal of spinal cord
|
|
|
functions of CSF
|
cushion brain, provide nutrients to maintain good environment
removes waste products |
|
|
conus medillaris
|
between l1 and l2. spinal cord ends because vertebral column grows too fast
|
|
|
choroid plexus
|
produces CSF. Pia mater has a fold, around fold is a capillary then a layer of ependymal cells. the ependymal cells say what gets ito the capillaries and what doesnt. it filter the CSF
|
|
|
cause equina
|
strip of pia mater that holds to the sacrum. tail of nerves for lumbar and sacral area
|
