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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are atmospheres?
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units of pressure
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Define Assemblage
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blending of wines
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What is autolysis
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breakdown of yeast cells
important compounds released |
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what is the name for a champagne producer?
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a House
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what is a very general variant between different sparkling styles?
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the atmospheric pressure varies based on the sparkling style
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Define sparkling wine in general terms
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wine that has carbon dioxide trapped in it
wine foams and bubbles when the stopper is removed |
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what process adds flavor and complexity to sparkling wine?
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autolysis
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what is the difference between autolysis and sur lie?
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presence of CO2
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what are the additional items to add to your tasting notes when trying champagne?
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appearance:
"size and how quickly the bubbles are moving" nose: "doughy bread smell - from autolysis" palate: 1) "doughy bread taste from autolysis. brioche, toast" 2) mouthfeel of bubbles |
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Describe the Champagne appellation in terms of marketing and branding
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very successful, with a powerful brand that is vehemently protected.
associated with success and celebration |
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what was the champagne region known for previously and how did the bubbles come about?
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still wine
was an accident - the wine was cold, which stopped fermentation, but then after it was bottled it warmed up et voila! bubbles! |
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Who is the Father of Champagne and what did he do?
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Dom Perignon
17th century Champagne Press (vertical press) Assemblage - blended lesser vintages to keep them consistent Was a monk who "discovered" champagne and did a lot of research on it. |
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What is the significance of Madame Veuve Cliquot?
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She developed a method of removing yeast settlement known as Riddling / Remuage.
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Who are the CIVC?
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Comite Interprofessional du Vin de Champagne
- a promotional and protective trade body - made up of growers, houses, etc. - research, marketing, branding, setting max yields |
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Describe the location and climate of Champagne
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Northcentral France (near gay Paris!)
Continental (Marginal) Frost and Winter Freeze hazards Avg temp = 10 degrees |
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What is a key to Champagne growing success?
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Chalk subsoils and cool climate.
roots go deep. right amount of drainage and humidity for roots. |
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Describe the viticulture of Champagne
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high yields
frost protection hand harvesting many small growers supply major houses pick early - acid is key! |
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Why is hand harvesting so popular in champagne?
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because you don't want to break the berries (machine harvesting inevitably breaks berries as it leaves the stems on the plan). you often make white wine with red grapes, so this would allow the tannins to get in and would exacerbate the bitterness.
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Name the 3 key vineyard sites in champagne and what types of grapes they raise.
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Montagne de Reims
- mainly Pinot Noir Valle de la Marne - some Pinot Noir - mostly Pinot Meunier Cotes des Blancs - Chardonnay |
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Describe the flavors and influence the main grape types used in Chardonnay have on the finished product
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Chardonnay = finess, structure, longevity, elegance
Pinot Noir = Body Pinot Meunier = forward fruit |
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What are most wines a blend of?
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vintages
varieties vineyards |
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What is another word for Method Champenoise?
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Traditional Method
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What are the main steps in the Traditional method?
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1. Pressing
2. First fermentation 3. Assemblage 4. Second Fermentation 5. Remuage 6. Degorgement 7. Dosage 8. Bottling |
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What is Coquart?
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a brand of vertical press
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Describe the keys to the pressing process
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gentle
avoid color and phenolic bitterness free run is best 160kg of grapes used for every 100 liters of juice |
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Describe the keys to the first fermentation
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varieties and vineyards vinified separately
stainless steel or oak barrels ML may be encouraged OR blocked cool fermentation for 2 - 4 weeks |
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Who maintains the house style of champagne and what are the challenges?
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Cellar master
Must anticipate the flavor of the wine after the second fermentation and lees aging. There could be hundres of bottles! |
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What adds complexity to champagne and why?
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Reserve wine - old vintages are lower acid and more complex + developed.
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What is Liquer de tirage?
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wine, sugar and yeast. its addition induces fermentation in the bottle.
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What is a very important part of the Liquer de tirage?
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yeast strain
it is cultivated and dictated by the CIVC |
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What is sur lattes
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Ageing on its side
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Describe the second fermentation process
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Liquer de Tirage added
Wine is bottled, capped (crown cap), and second fermentation occurs Wine is rested on its side for min. 15 months |
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What is Remuage?
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Process of Riddling, or turning the bottles upside down
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What is sur pointe?
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upside down bottles
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What invention has sped up the riddling process? who invented it and how long does it take?
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Gyropalette
Spain 3 days |
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What is degorgement?
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Disgorgement
Freezing of the settlement and opening the cap so the lees shoots out. Can be done mechanically or by hand |
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What is the name of the sugar and wine solution added to Champagne? When does it occur?
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Liquer d'expedition
Added after Degorgement |
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What indicates the final dryness of the champagne? what else does it do?
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Dosage
balances acidity |
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What are some key elements of bottling champagne?
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strong bottles
cork compressed into bottle neck mushroom shaped cork wire cage holding cork in place |
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What are the sweetness levels of champagne from driest to sweetest?
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1. extra brut (v. dry, v. hi acid, sometimes no dosage)
2. brut 3. extra sec 4. sec 5. demi-sec 6. doux |
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Name the main styles of Champagne
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Non Vintage
Vintage Blanc de Blancs Blanc de Noirs Rose Cuvee de Prestige |
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Contrast Blanc de Blancs and Blanc de Noirs
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Blanc de Blanc = chardonnay only
Blanc de Noirs = black grapes only Blanc de Blanc = great ageing capacity Blanc de Noirs = More full bodied |
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What are 3 methods of making Rose Champagne?
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blend red and white wines
saignee (bleed off red) short maceration with skins |
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What is the difference between Vintage and Non Vintage Champagne?
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Non Vintage = large percentage, whereas Vintage is only declared in the best year
Vintage has longer ageing requirements (36 months on lees) Vintage must be 100% that vintage (must balance out with requirement to keep some reserved for blending) |
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What are most champagne houses known and defined by?
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Their Brut
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What is Cuvee de Prestige?
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top wine of the house
best vineyards usually vintage |
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What is Grower Champagne? What is its quality level?
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Vineyard owner / grower
excellent quality produce very little |
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Can champagne age?
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only top vintage
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What is one thing you should ask about when serving champagne?
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Whether they want the ice bucket
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Name 3 other methods of sparkling wine production
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Transfer Method
Tank Method Injection (pump) method |
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Name some other Traditional method sparkling wines from France
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Cremant d'Alsace
Cremant de Bourgogne Cremant de Limoux Cremant de Loire Saumur Mousseux Vouvray Mousseux Cremant de Die |
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What are a couple of characteristics of a Cremant?
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shorter time on lees
less atmospheric pressure |
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Define: Cremant D'Alsace
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Rose or White
mostly pinot blanc |
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Define: Cremant de Bourgogne
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Pinot noir, Chardonnay, Pinot blanc or Pinot gris. Aligoté is often used to fill out the remaining parts of the blend.
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Define: Cremant de Limoux
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Mostly mauzac grapes (appley)
Chenin Blanc Chardonnay |
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Define: Cremant de Loire
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Chenin mostly
Some Chard and Cab Franc |
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Where is Saumur Mousseux from? what kind of wine is it?
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Loire
white or pink chenin, cab franc, cab sauv |
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Define: Vouvray Mousseux
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Loire
Chenin |
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Define: Cremant de Die
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Rhone
made from Clairette variety (white) |
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Cava
Origin Method Grapes |
Penedes, Spain mostly
Traditional method Xarel-lo, Macabeo, Parellada Also some Chard, Pinot Noir, Garnacha, Monastrell |
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What colors can Cava be?
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pink or white
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What is the Italian sparkling wine made from traditional method?
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Franciacorta DOCG
Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Pinot Blanc, Pinot Gris From the Lombardy province |
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Where do they make Traditional method sparkling wines in the US?
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California
Carneros Anderson Valley Russian River Valley (lots of investment in 80s) |
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What is the term for South African Traditional Method Sparkling?
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Cap Classique
(mostly Chenin but also Pinot Noir, Chardonnay) |
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Where do they make Traditional method Sparkling "down under?" What kinds?
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Yarra Valley
Tasmania Sparkling Shiraz |
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What method is used to make Prosecco and where is it from?
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Tank
Veneto region of Italia |
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What is Sekt?
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Germany tank-method (sometimes traditional method) sparkling
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Define Frizzante
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italian term for semi-sparkling
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Define Spumante
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italian term for fully sparkling
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Define Petillant
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french term for lightly sparkling
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Define Mousseux
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french term for sparkling
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Describe the Transfer method
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2nd fermentation in bottle
wine is disgorged into a large pressurized tank lees settle or wine is filtered bottled under pressure may say "fermented in bottle" saves riddling and degorgement labour (popular in AU, CALI) |
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Define Tank Method
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Fermentation takes place in large pressurized tank
may be 1 or 2 fermentations wine is bottled under pressure very little autolytic character eg. Moscato D'Asti |
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Define the Injection Method
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least desirable
CO2 is added to still wine aka Bicycle Pump, Pompe a Bicyclette Large bubbles dissipate quickly |
