Ch9: Cardiovascular System

Front 1

largest artery in vody

Back 1

aorta, receives oxygenated blood from left ventricle

Front 2

arteries-->___-->____-->___-->

Back 2

arterioles-->capillaries (which perfuse the tissues)-->venules-->veins

Front 3

largest veins

Back 3

superior vena cava and inferior, both collect deoxygenated blood from body into right atrium

Front 4

discuss pathway of blood starting at left atrium

Back 4

left ventricle, aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules,veins, SVC/IVC, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium

Front 5

portal system and 2 examples

Back 5

-some cases before blood returns to heart, it passes thru 2 capillary beds connected by venules
-important
-hepatic portal system collects intestines/liver
-hyphophyseal portal system collect hypothalamus/pituitary

Front 6

__forms the base of the heart

Back 6

exterior wall of right ventricle

Front 7

the ONLY TYPE of muscle making up heart

Back 7

cardiac

Front 8

is there difference between arterial blood volume and venous

Back 8

-yes
-but since left/right heart in series, Total Volume of blood passing through each side is same

Front 9

why is left heart thicker

Back 9

-needs to overcome the longer distance/higher resistance experience by supplying whole body

Front 10

valves purpose and the different ones in heart

Back 10

-cause flow to move in one direction ie prevents backflow
-between atria/ventricles=AV valves
-right AV=tricupsid
-left AV=bicupsid/mitral
-between right ventricle and pulm arteries=pulm valve
-between left ventricle and aorta= aortic valve

Front 11

aortic valve and pulm valve=

Back 11

-semilunar valves (3 cusps)
-prevent backflow from pulm arteries/aorta to ventricles during diastole (ventricular relaxation)

Front 12

AV valves prevent

Back 12

backflow from ventricles to atria during systole (contraction)

Front 13

discuss phases of contraction

Back 13

-heartbeat two phases: systole and diastole
-systole: ventricular contraction, AV close, blood pumped out of ventricles, contraction increases pressure
-diastole: heart relaxes, semilunar close, blood from atria fill ventricles, relaxation decreases pressure
-large arteries elastic: needed to maintain pressure during diastole, NO elasticity =zero diastolic blood pressure and die

Front 14

diastolic blood pressure is __type of pressure

Back 14

gauge

Front 15

Cardiac output=

Back 15

total volume pumped out by ventricle/minute
=HR x StokeVolume(volume pumped/beat)
*doesnt matter which ventricle choose to determine (connected in series remember)

Front 16

ANS controls CO via

Back 16

affecting HR
BUT*cardiac muscle--> myogenic activity ie)neural signals can modulate HR but heart function even without the input from ANS

Front 17

name in order the pathway making electrical impulse/propagating impulse which leads to controlled/rhythmic contraction of heart

Back 17

SA node, AV node, bundle of His (AV bundle), purkinje fibers

Front 18

SA node

Back 18

-in right atrium
-impulse generated first here wthout neural input
-depolarization cause atrial (both) systole-->increase atrial pressure-->more blood pump into ventricles
-own intrinsic rhythm (60-100 signals/minute)

Front 19

AV node

Back 19

-junction of atria and ventricles
-wait for ventricles to fill, signal delayed bit
-then travels to His ( in inter-ventricular septum) then purkinje

Front 20

purkinje fibers

Back 20

send signal through ventricular muscle=contraction of ventricles

Front 21

discuss NS and cardiac contraction

Back 21

-parasympathetic: slow heart via vagus nerve
-sympathetic: speed up heart via vagus nerve
both use neurotransmitters to do this

Front 22

all arteries carry oxygenated blood except

Back 22

umbilical/pulmonary

Front 23

veins ___near heart

Back 23

converge

Front 24

all veins carry deoxygenated blood except

Back 24

umbilical/pulmonary

Front 25

compare artery structure to vein

Back 25

-arteries thicker/stronger more elastic
-veins thin walled, inelastic
-but basically same components make them up just different proportions
-arteries has more smooth muscle

Front 26

arteries high elasticity

Back 26

-causes higher resistance to flow therefore LV needs to have high pressure to pump blood thru
-recoil causes blood to push forward

Front 27

where is most blood seen at any given moment

Back 27

-venous circulation
*veins thin/inelastic walls allow to fill more with blood and the walls dont recoil as much as arteries

Front 28

how veins prevent backflow?

Back 28

-one way valves

Front 29

varicose vein

Back 29

-failing venous valves
-blood pools and enlarges/swells veins
-pregnant women more susceptible: increased blood volume needed therefore venous pressure increases

Front 30

How do veins move blood to heart given their structure

Back 30

-most large veins surround by skeletal muscle

Front 31

capillaries

Back 31

thinnest->one endothelial cell thick

Front 32

blood pressure analogous to

Back 32

voltage/potential difference in circuit

Front 33

movement of blood like charge in a way depends mainly on

Back 33

pressure gradient

Front 34

Blood pressure

Back 34

-=F/Area
-sphygmomanometer measures gauge pressure in circulation
-expressed as systolic:diastolic pressures
-pressure drop from arterial-->venous circulation

Front 35

largest pressure drop across

Back 35

-arterioles
-veins/capillaries couldn't withstand initial pressures coming from aorta therefore largest drop across arterioles

Front 36

blood composition

Back 36

-55% plasma (liquid part, water, nutrients, hormones, proteins etc)
-45% cell (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets)

Front 37

all blood cells come from

Back 37

hematopoietic stem cells of bone marrow

Front 38

erythrocytes (RBC)

Back 38

-oxygen low solubilty in aqeuous and nonpolar
-so RBC have protein hemoglobin (250 million)
-hemoglobin binds 4 oxygen molecules
-shape for increase SA and to fit in tight vessels
-mature RBC: NO NUCLEUS NO MITO/other membranous organelles
-get ATP via fermentation
-cannot divide (no nucleus)

Front 39

leukocytes (WBC)

Back 39

-immune cells
2 classes
1) granulocytes
2) agranulocytes

Front 40

granulocytes

Back 40

-neutrophils, eosinophils,basophils
-granules in cytoplasm, toxic for killing
-for inflammatory reactions, allergies, pus, destroying bacteria/parasites

Front 41

agranulocytes

Back 41

-no granules
-lymphocytes, monocytes

Front 42

lymphocytes

Back 42

-specific immune response
-can fight right away or some involved in "memory" of the attacks
-help learn and prepare body to mount quick response
-can mature in different places (3)
-spleen/lymph nodes=B cells
-thymus=T cells

Front 43

B cell vs T cell

Back 43

-make antibody
-kill virus containing cells/activate other immune cells

Front 44

monocytes

Back 44

-phagocytose
-called MACROPHAGE when leave marrow and end up in tissue outside vasculature
-called MICROGLIA in brain

Front 45

platelets

Back 45

-cell fragments from broken up megakaryocytes
-clotting blood

Front 46

blood cells from highest conc to lowest

Back 46

RBC>platelets>WBC

Front 47

way to identify cell

Back 47

-extracellular proteins on cells surface
-if they activate immune system=antigen

Front 48

2 major antigen families relative to blood groups

Back 48

ABO antigens and Rh factor

Front 49

blood type: what antigen in RBC, what antibody made
A
B
O
AB

Back 49

A: A,antiB
B:B,antiA
O(universal donar):none,antiA/antiB
AB(universal recipient):A/B,none

Front 50

how many alleles for blood type

Back 50

3, have A,B and O

Front 51

A and B antigens are

Back 51

codominant
*O recessive to both

Front 52

phenotype O the genotype is

Back 52

ii

Front 53

genotypes for type A blood?
type B blood?

Back 53

-IAIA or IAi
-IBIB or IBi

Front 54

Antigens are stimulus for___cells

Back 54

B cells to make antibodies

Front 55

Rh factor

Back 55

-protein on RBC surface
-use positive or negative to indicate presence of Rh
-Rh+ people express Rh protein on RBC
-Rh- DONT
-Rh dominant-->one allele needed to be expressed

Front 56

discuss Rh in pregnancy

Back 56

-if mother Rh- and fetus Rh+ mother makes antibodies against it AFTER birth
-but if get pregnant again with fetus being Rh+ then mother attack fetus RBC ie hemolysis
-above called erythroblastosis fetalis

Front 57

transport of gases via cardiovascular system: oxygen
-oxygen binds to the iron atom of heme
-when first oxygen binds
-when oxygen released
-above two called

Back 57

-binding/releasing of oxygen to/from iron=redox reaction
-conformational changes in shape of hemoglobin: increases affinity to oxygen
-change in shape: decreases affinity
-cooperative binding creates (S shaped) hemoglobin-binding curve

Front 58

myoglobin(transfer oxygen from hemoglobin to muscle cells) vs hemoglobin

Back 58

-hemoglobin 4 subunits
-myoglobin 1 unit, curve not S shaped but has rapid saturation at low P O2

Front 59

see shifts RIGHT in hemoglobin-binding curve when
shifts LEFT when

Back 59

-high P CO2, low pH, high temp
these conditions where needing more oxygen to dissociate and go to tissues
-increase in affinity, like with fetal hemoglobin
*curve affected by temp, altitude, co2,pH

Front 60

how is CO2 transported

Back 60

-has low solubilty/nonpolar, only little bit dissolved in plasma
-some on hemoglobin (lower affinity than oxygen)
-most in form of HCO3 (bicarbonate ion) which travels in plasma (high solubility)

Front 61

bicarbonate ion formation

Back 61

-CO2+H20 via CARBONIC ANHYDRASE (in RBC)<-->H2CO3 (carbonic acid)<-> H+HCO3
*reaction is reversible and reverses when blood get to capillaries near lungs and CO2 breathed out

Front 62

another pro (besides CO2 being transported) of bicarbonate ion reaction

Back 62

-protons made lower pH
-have allosteric effects on curve: shift curve RIGHT
-called Bohr effect
-signals need of oxygen and decreases affinity of oxygen to hemoglobin

Front 63

carbonic acid-bicarbonate ion acts as

Back 63

buffer in blood to keep pH of blood in certain range
-when pH changes respiratory rate rise or fall to increase or decrease CO2 excreted.
-when pH changes kidneys increase or decrease amount bicarbonate ion secreted into nephron filtrate

Front 64

carbs/aa absorbed in____enter circulation via
fats absorbed into____bypass___and enter circulation via
wastes (co2, ammonia, urea) enter circulation as they

Back 64

-small intestine,hepatic portal system
-lacteal of SI,hepatic portal system, thoracic duct (then packaged as lipoproteins these water soluble)
-go down conc gradient from tissues into capillaries

Front 65

in blood 2 main pressure gradients

Back 65

-osmotic (oncotic)
-hydrostatic
ie Starling Forces
maintains fluid volumes/solute conc

Front 66

hydrostatic pressure

Back 66

-pushes fluid out of vessel (depends on blood pressure driven by heart)

Front 67

osmotic (oncotic) pressure

Back 67

pulls fluids back into vessels (depends on #particles dissolved in plasma)

Front 68

platelets +exposed collagen (due to damage)

Back 68

-release contents and aggregate
-release clotting factor thromboplastin

Front 69

thrombosplastin

Back 69

prothrombin-->thrombin
gets help from cofactors calcium/vitamin K

Front 70

thrombin

Back 70

fibrinogen-->fibrin
-fibrin makes fibers into net like structure: captures RBC, platelets and form clot