Ch8

Front 1

Analogy:

Back 1

A comparison of two or more things alike in
specific respects.

Front 2

Argument by analogy:

Back 2

Arguing that because some things are similar in
several respects they are similar in a further
respect.

Front 3

 Biased sample:

Back 3

A sample that does not accurately represent the
distribution of properties in the target group.

Front 4

Causal argument:

Back 4

An inductive argument whose conclusion contains
a causal claim.

Front 5

Causal claim:

Back 5

A statement about cause-and-effect relationships.

Front 6

Confidence level:

Back 6

The probability that the sample will represent the
target group to within the margin of error.

Front 7

Enumerative induction:

Back 7

 Reasoning from facts about individual members of
a group to properties of the group as a whole.

Front 8

Hasty generalization:

Back 8

Fallacy of drawing a conclusion about a target
group from too small a sample.

Front 9

Inference to the best explanation (IBE):

Back 9

If an explanation E seems to provide the best
explanation for observed phenomenon Q, then it is
probable that E is true.

Front 10

 Margin of error:

Back 10

The +/- variation between the observed values
derived from a sample and the probable true
value for the whole target group.

Front 11

 Mixed argument:

Back 11

An argument using both inductive and deductive
methods.

Front 12

Necessary condition

Back 12

 A condition without which a certain event cannot
occur.

Front 13

Sufficient condition:

Back 13

A condition that guarantees the occurrence of a
certain event.

Front 14

Post hoc, ergo propter hoc:

Back 14

The fallacy of reasoning that just because B
followed A, that A must have caused B.

Front 15

Random sample:

Back 15

Sample picked from a target group so as to ensure
that the sample is representative.
 Every member of the target group should have an
equal probability of having been selected for the
random sample.

Front 16

Relevant property (property in question):

Back 16

 In enumerative induction, the property that is of
interest in the target group.

Front 17

Representative sample:

Back 17

 A sample that resembles the target group in all
the relevant ways.

Front 18

Sample (sample member):

Back 18

The observed members of the target group.

Front 19

Target group (target population):

Back 19

The whole collection of individuals under study.