Ch7

Front 1

Long bones

Back 1

Longitudinal axes and expanded ends

Front 2

Long bones

Back 2

Forearm and thigh bones

Front 3

Short bones

Back 3

Cube like with roughly equal lengths and widths

Front 4

Short bones

Back 4

Bones of ankles and wrists

Front 5

Sesamoid bone or round bone

Back 5

A special type of short bone is usually small and nodular and embedded in a tendon adjacent to a joint, where the tendon is compressed

Front 6

Sesamoid bone or round bone

Back 6

Kneecap( patella)

Front 7

Flat bones

Back 7

Plate like structures with broad surfaces

Front 8

Flat bones

Back 8

Ribs, scapulae, and some bones of the skull

Front 9

Irregular bones

Back 9

Have a variety of shapes, and most are connected to several other bones

Front 10

Irregular bones

Back 10

Include vertebrae that compose the backbone, and many facial bones

Front 11

Epiphysis

Back 11

An expanded portion at the end of a long bone

Front 12

Proximal epiphysis

Back 12

Nearest to the torso

Front 13

Distal epiphysis

Back 13

Farthest from the torso

Front 14

Articular cartilage

Back 14

Coats the epiphysis on the articulating portion

Front 15

Diaphysis

Back 15

Shaft of the bone

Front 16

Metaphysis

Back 16

Is the widening part of the bone between the diaphysis and the epiphysis

Front 17

Periosteum

Back 17

A tough vascular covering of dense connective tissue on the bone

Front 18

Periosteum

Back 18

Helps form and repair bone tissue

Front 19

Processes

Back 19

Bony projections, provide sites for attachment of ligaments and tendons

Front 20

Compact bone

Back 20

Tightly packed tissue that makes up the wall of the diaphysis

Front 21

Compact bone or cortical bone

Back 21

Has a continuous extracellular matrix with no gaps

Front 22

Spongy bone or cancellous bone

Back 22

Composes the epiphysis with thin layers of compact bone on their surfaces

Front 23

Trabeculae

Back 23

Many branching bony plates that are inside spongy bone

Front 24

Compact and spongy bone

Back 24

Strong and resist bending

Front 25

Medullary cavity

Back 25

Compact bone in the diaphysis of a long bone forms a tube with a hollow chamber called that is continuous with the spaces of the spongy bone

Front 26

Endosteum

Back 26

A things membrane containing bone forming cells lines these spaces and the medullary cavity

Front 27

Marrow

Back 27

A specialized type of soft connective tissue, fills the spongy bone spaces and the medullary cavity, red, yellow

Front 28

Osteocytes

Back 28

Are in tiny bony chambers called lacuna

Front 29

Osteocytes

Back 29

Exchange substances with nearby cells by means of cellular processes passing through canaliculi

Front 30

Collagen

Back 30

Gives bone it's strength and resilience

Front 31

Inorganic salts

Back 31

Make it hard and resistant to crushing

Front 32

Osteon

Back 32

In compact bone, the osteocytes and layers of extracellular matrix called lamellae are concentrically clustered around a central canal forming a cylinder shaped unit called

Front 33

Osteons

Back 33

Run longitudinally with the axis of the bone, functioning as weight bearing pillars, resisting compression

Front 34

Spongy bone

Back 34

Do not aggregate around central canals instead the cells lie in the trabeculae and get nutrients from substances diffusing into the canaliculi that lead to the surfaces of these thin, bony plates

Front 35

Intramembranous bones

Back 35

Bones that originate within sheet like layers of connective tissues

Front 36

Endochondral bones

Back 36

Bones that begin as masses of hyaline cartilage later replaced by bone tissue

Front 37

Intermembranous bones

Back 37

Flat bones of the skull

Front 38

Intramembranous bones

Back 38

Clavicles

Front 39

Intramembranous bones

Back 39

Sternum

Front 40

Intramembranous bones

Back 40

Some facial bones including the mandible maxillae and zygomatic bones

Front 41

Osteogenesis

Back 41

Development of intramembranous bones

Front 42

Mesenchyme

Back 42

Membrane like layers of embryonic connective tissue

Front 43

Osteoblast

Back 43

Mesenchyme cells that are part of the connective tissue enlarge and further differentiate into bone forming cells called

Front 44

Osteocytes

Back 44

Osteoblasts completely secluded in the lacunae

Front 45

Primary ossification center

Back 45

In a long bone, bone tissue begins to replace hyaline cartilage in the center of the diaphysis

Front 46

Secondary ossification center

Back 46

Appear in the epiphysis, and spongy bone forms in all directions from them

Front 47

Epiphyseal plate

Back 47

As spongy bone is deposited in the diaphysis and in the epiphysis, this band of cartilage remains between the two ossification centers

Front 48

Zone of resting cartilage

Back 48

1st layer of epiphyseal plate ,closest to the end of the epiphysis, composed of resting cells that do not actively participate in growth, this layer anchors the epiphyseal plate to the bony tissue of the epiphysis

Front 49

Zone of proliferating cartilage

Back 49

2nd layer of the epiphyseal plate, includes rows of many young cells undergoing mitosis

Front 50

Zone of hypertrophic cartilage

Back 50

3rd layer, the rows of older cells left behind when new cells appear

Front 51

Zone of calcified cartilage

Back 51

4th layer of the epiphyseal plate, thin, composed of dead cartilage cells and calcified extracellular matrix

Front 52

Growth hormone

Back 52

Secreted by the pituitary glanf , stimulates division of cartilage cells in the epiphyseal plates

Front 53

Pituitary dwarfism

Back 53

Too little growth hormone is secreted the long bones of the limbs fail to develope normally

Front 54

Pituitary gigantism

Back 54

Excess growth hormone is released before the epiphyseal plates ossify, height may exeed 8 ft

Front 55

Acromegaly

Back 55

In adults, secretion of excess growth hormone, in which the hands, feet, and jaw enlarge

Front 56

Rickets

Back 56

Vitamin D deficiency in children

Front 57

Osteomalacia

Back 57

Vitamin D deficiency in adults

Front 58

Hypertrophy

Back 58

Stress stimulates the bone tissue to thicken and strengthen

Front 59

Atrophy

Back 59

Tissue becomes thinner and weaker

Front 60

Hematopoiesis

Back 60

Begins in the yolk sac which lies outside the embryo

Front 61

Hematopoiesis

Back 61

Begins in the yolk sac which lies outside the embryo

Front 62

Marrow

Back 62

Soft net like mass of connective tissue in the medullary cavities of long bones, in the irregular spaces of spongy bone, and in larger central canals of compact bone tissue

Front 63

Red marrow

Back 63

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and blood platelets form

Front 64

Hemoglobin

Back 64

Red oxygen carrying pigment in red blood cells

Front 65

Axial skeleton

Back 65

Consist of bony and cartilaginous parts that support and protect the organs of the head neck and trunk

Front 66

Appendicular skeleton

Back 66

Consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the bones that anchor the limbs to the axial skeleton

Front 67

Pectoral girdle

Back 67

Formed by a scapula or shoulder blade and a clavicle or collarbone , connects the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton and aids in upper limb movements

Front 68

Upper limb

Back 68

Consists of humerus, radius,ulna, and a hand

Front 69

Carpals

Back 69

Wrist bones 8

Front 70

Metacarpals

Back 70

5 bones of the palm

Front 71

Phalanges

Back 71

14 finger bones

Front 72

Pelvic girdle

Back 72

Formed by 2 hip bones attached to each other ateriorly and to the sacrum posteriorly, connect the bones of the lower limbs to the axial skeleton

Front 73

Pelvis

Back 73

Formed by the pelvic girdle, sacrum, and coccyx, protects the lower abdominal and internal reproductive organs

Front 74

Tarsals

Back 74

7 ankle bones

Front 75

Metatarsals

Back 75

5 bones of the instep

Front 76

Paranasal sinuses

Back 76

Air filled cavities in some cranial bones

Front 77

Maxilla

Back 77

Form upper jaw, anterior roof of mouth, floors of orbits, and sides and floor of nasal cavity

Front 78

Maxilla

Back 78

Alveolar processes, maxillary sinuses, palatine process

Front 79

Palatine

Back 79

Form posterior roof of mouth and floor and lateral walls and floors of orbits

Front 80

Zygomatic

Back 80

Form prominence of cheeks and lateral walls of nasal cavity

Front 81

Zygomatic

Back 81

Temporal process

Front 82

Lacrimal

Back 82

Form part of medial walls of orbits

Front 83

Lacrimal

Back 83

Groove that leads from orbit to nasal cavity

Front 84

Nasal

Back 84

Forms bridge of nose

Front 85

Vomer

Back 85

Forms inferior portion of nasal septum

Front 86

Inferior nasal concha

Back 86

Extend into nasal cavity from it's lateral walls

Front 87

Madible

Back 87

Forms lower jaw

Front 88

Madible

Back 88

Body,ramus,madibular condyle,coronoid process, alveolar process,madibular foramen, mental foramen

Front 89

Carotid canal

Back 89

Inferior surface of the temporal bone

Front 90

Carotid canal

Back 90

Internal carotid artery, veins, and nerves

Front 91

Foramen lacerum

Back 91

Floor of cranial cavity between temporal and sphenoid bones

Front 92

Foramen lacerum

Back 92

Branch of pharyngeal artery

Front 93

Extracellular matrix

Back 93

Made up of collagen and inorganic salts

Front 94

Hematopoiesis

Back 94

Process of blood formation