Ch7

Front 1

Cognitive MAp

Back 1

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.

Front 2

Respondent Behavior

Back 2

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus.

Skinners term for behavior learned through classic conditioning.

Front 3

Latent Learning

Back 3

Learning that occurs but isn't apparent until there is incentitive to demonstrate it.

Front 4

variable ratio schedule

Back 4

in operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable amount of responses

Front 5

variable interval schedule

Back 5

in operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a resonse at unpredictable time intervals.

Front 6

shaping

Back 6

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.

Front 7

reinforcer

Back 7

in operant conditioning any event that strengthens the behavior that follows.

Front 8

punishment

Back 8

an event that decreases the behavior that follows.

Front 9

primary reinforcer

Back 9

an innately reinforing stimulus such as one that satisfies a biological need

Front 10

positive reinforcement

Back 10

increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli such as food. *blank* is any stimulus that when presented after a response strengthens the response.

Front 11

fixed ratio schedule

Back 11

In operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

Front 12

continuous reinforcement

Back 12

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Front 13

conditioned reinforcer

Back 13

a stimulus that gains it reinforcing power through its asssociation with a primary reinforcer also known as secondary reinforcer.

Front 14

extrinsic motivation

Back 14

A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment.

Front 15

intrinsic motivation

Back 15

A desire to perform a bahavior for its own sake.

Front 16

associative learning

Back 16

Learning that certain events occur together.

Front 17

learning

Back 17

a relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience

Front 18

unconditioned stimulus

Back 18

In classical conditioning a stimulus that unconditionally and naturally triggers a response

Front 19

Aquisition

Back 19

the initial stage in classical conditioning the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus. The strenghening of a reinforced response

Front 20

behaviorism

Back 20

view that psychology should
1) should be an objective science
2)study behavior without reference to mental processes.
*Most agree with (1) not (2).

Front 21

discrimination

Back 21

In classical conditioning the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned response.

Front 22

extinction

Back 22

Diminishing of conditioned response

Front 23

spontaneous recovery

Back 23

the reappearance after a pause of an extinguished conditioned response.

Front 24

generalization

Back 24

the tendancy once a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

Front 25

Unconditional Response (UR)

Back 25

unlearned naturally occuring response

Front 26

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Back 26

an originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with and unconditoned stimulus (US) cones to trigger a conditioned response

Front 27

Classical Conditioning

Back 27

Atype of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli A natural stimulus that signals an Unconditioned stimulus. (US)

Front 28

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Back 28

A stimulus that unconditionally naturally and automatically triggers a response.

Front 29

pro social behavior

Back 29

positive constructive healthy behavior opposite of anti social

Front 30

observational learning

Back 30

learning by observing others

Front 31

modeling

Back 31

the process of observing and imitating a certain behavior.

Front 32

mirror neurons

Back 32

frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so.

Front 33

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of:

Back 33

observable behavior.

Front 34

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed to your eye is a(n):

Back 34

UR.

Front 35

Conditioning seldom occurs when a(n) ________ comes after a(n) _____.

Back 35

CS; US

Front 36

Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when first shown her cousin's new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates:

Back 36

spontaneous recovery

Front 37

Punishment ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement ________ the rate of operant responding.

Back 37

decreases; increases

Front 38

Because she has oversight responsibility for the servicing and repair of her company's fleet of cars, Rhonda frequently calls the garage mechanic to inquire whether service on various cars has been completed. Because service completion times are unpredictable, she is likely to be reinforced with positive responses to her inquiries on a ________ schedule.

Back 38

variable-interval

Front 39

If one chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward, the first chimp may thereby learn how to solve the puzzle. This best illustrates:

Back 39

observational learning.

Front 40

The predictability of an association between a CS and a US facilitates an organism's ability to anticipate the occurrence of the US. This fact is most likely to be highlighted by a(n) ________ perspective.

Back 40

cognitive

Front 41

The law of effect was most clearly highlighted by:

Back 41

Skinner's experiments on reinforcement.

Front 42

If the onset of a light reliably signals the onset of food, a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light. In this case, the light is a ________ reinforcer.

Back 42

conditioned

Front 43

Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 25,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

Back 43

fixed-ratio

Front 44

Through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates:

Back 44

associative learning.

Front 45

Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought
food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person was a(n):

Back 45

conditioned stimulus.

Front 46

A year after surviving a classroom shooting incident, Angie still responds with terror at the sight of toy guns and to the sound of balloons popping. This reaction best illustrates:

Back 46

generalization.

Front 47

In teaching her son to play basketball, Mrs. Richards initially reinforces him with praise for simply dribbling while standing still, then only for walking while dribbling, and finally only for running while dribbling. She is using a procedure known as:

Back 47

shaping.

Front 48

Months after she was raped, Courtney's heart pounds with fear merely at the sight of the place in which she was attacked. The location of her attack is most likely a(n) ________ for Courtney's anxiety.

Back 48

conditioned stimulus

Front 49

During a typical morning, Colin checks the clock frequently before being reinforced with confirmation that the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break has arrived. In this case, Colin's behavior is reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Back 49

fixed-interval

Front 50

After being bitten by his neighbor's dog, Miguel experienced fear at the sight of that dog but not at the sight of other dogs. This best illustrates the process of:

Back 50

discrimination.

Front 51

If you get violently ill a couple of hours after eating contaminated food, you will probably develop an aversion to the taste of that food but not to the sight of the restaurant where you ate or to the sound of the music you heard there. This best illustrates that associative learning is constrained by:

Back 51

biological predispositions.

Front 52

Matt regularly buckles his seat belt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of:

Back 52

negative reinforcement.

Front 53

Which pioneering learning researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior?

Back 53

Bandura

Front 54

f you have a frightening experience immediately after hearing a strange sound, your fear may be aroused when you hear that sound again. This best illustrates:

Back 54

classical conditioning.

Front 55

You repeatedly hear a tone just before having a puff of air directed to your eye. Blinking to the tone presented without an air puff is a(n):

Back 55

CR.

Front 56

If children get attention from their parents for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick in anticipation of more attention. This best illustrates:

Back 56

operant conditioning.

Front 57

Children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy have later been observed to play with the toy less than those who are not promised the reward. This provides evidence for the role of ________ in operant behavior.

Back 57

cognitive processes

Front 58

An empathic husband who observes his wife in pain will exhibit some of the brain activity as she is showing. This best illustrates the functioning of:

Back 58

mirror neurons.01

Front 59

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The electric shock is a(n):

Back 59

unconditioned stimulus.

Front 60

A word of praise is to a soothing backrub as ________ is to ________.

Back 60

conditioned reinforcer; primary reinforcer

Front 61

For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a ________ schedule.

Back 61

variable-ratio

Front 62

To reduce the personally harmful behavior of some self-destructive children, therapists have squirted water in their faces whenever they bite themselves. The squirt of water is a:

Back 62

punishment.