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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the six main functions of the skeletal system: |
Support, protection, movement, mineral homeostasis, blood cell production, and triglyceride storage |
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Supporting soft tissues and providing attachment points for the tendons of most skeletal muscles |
Support function |
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Most important internal organs from injury |
Protection function |
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Skeletal muscles attach to bone and when they contract they pull bones to produce movement |
Assistant in movement |
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Stores minerals which contribute to strength of bone |
Mineral homeostasis |
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Red bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets , a process called hemopoiesis |
Blood cell production |
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Yellow bone marrow., mainly adipose cells which stores triglycerides |
Triglycerides storage |
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Main portion of the bone |
Diaphysis |
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Are the proximal and distal ends of the bone |
Epiphyses |
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Regions between the diaphysis and epiphyses |
Metaphyses |
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In a growing bone, each metaphyses contains an: |
Epiphyseal growth plate |
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A layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length |
Epiphyseal growth plate |
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A bone stops growing in length at age |
14-24 |
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Thin layer of hyalin cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms articulation with another bone |
Articular cartilage |
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Reduces friction and absorbs shock at freely movable joints |
Articular cartilage |
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Repair of damage is limited |
Articular cartilage |
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Tough connective tissue sheath and its associated blood supply that surrounds the bone surface wherever it's not covered by articular cartilage |
Periosteum |
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Protects bone, assist in fracture repair, helps nourish bone tissue, and serves as attachment point for ligament and tendons |
Periosteum |
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Callogen that extend from the periosteum into the bone extra cellular matrix |
Perforating fibers |
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Hollow cylindrical space within diaphysis that contain fatty yellow bone marrow and numerous blood vessels in adults |
Medullary cavity |
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Minimizes the weight of the bone by reducing the dense on bony material where it's least needed |
Medullary cavity |
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Thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity |
Endosteum |
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Single layer of bone forming cells and a small amount of connective tissue |
Endosteum |
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Process by which mineral salts harden the matrix |
Calcification |
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Flexible strength = |
Collagen |
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Weight bearing strength |
Minerals |
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Developed into an osteoblast |
Osteogenic cell |
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Forms bone matrix |
Osteoblast |
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Maintain bone tissue |
Osteocytes |
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Functions in resorption, the breakdown of bone matrix |
Osteoclast |
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The two basic types of bone tissue |
Compact and spongy |
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Contains few spaces and is strongest form of bone tissue; found beneath periosteum |
Compact bone |
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Has osteons |
Compact bone |
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Each osteons consist of concentric lamellae arranged around |
Central canal |
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Circular plates of mineralized extracellular matrix of increasing diameter surrounding small network of blood vessel and nerves |
Concentric lamellae |
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Little lakes; which contain osteocytes. |
Lacunae |
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Small channels filled with extra cellular fluid |
Canaliculi |
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Lacks osteons and have trabeculae |
Spongy bone |
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Little beams |
Trabeculae |
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Consist of short flat and irregular bones |
Spongy bones |
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Supply the periosteum and penetrate the bone |
Periosteal arteries |
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Invoices replacement of preexisting connective tissue with bone |
Ossificationor osteogenesis |
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Four principles of bone formation:: |
Formation of bone in an embryo. Growth of bone until adulthood. Remodeling of bone. Repair of fractures. |
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Two pattern of formation of bone in embryo:: |
Intramembranous ossification & Endochondrial ossification |
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Flat bones of skull and mandible., directly from mesenchyme., soft spots |
Intramembranous ossification |
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Flat bones of skull and mandible., directly from mesenchyme., soft spots |
Intramembranous ossification |
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Replacement of cartilage by bone., most bones |
Endochondrial ossification |
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Produced by chondroblasts |
Development of hyalin cartilage model |
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Chondroblasts become chondrocytes |
Growth of cartilage model |
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Growth in lenght |
Interstitial growth |
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Growth in lenght |
Interstitial growth |
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Growth in width |
Appositional growth |
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Blood vessels, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts |
Development of primary ossification center |
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Osteoclasts form medullary cavity |
Development of medullary cavity |
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Blood vessels the epiphyses |
Development of secondary centers of ossification |
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The original cartilage model is almost completely ossified except for the articular and the epiphyseal plate |
formation of articular Cartlidge in the epiphyseal plate |
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Growth in length of long bones involves |
Interstitial growth of cartilage and replacement of cartilage by bone |
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New cartilage made by interstitial growth and becomes ossified in diaphyseal side of epiphyseal plate |
Zones of cartilage within epiphyseal plate |
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Interstitial growth of cartilage at epiphyseal plate followed by ossification is the only way:: |
Bone can increase in length |
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Growth in thickness |
Appositional growth |
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Ridges and grooves Blood vessels become trapped in tunnel Become the central canal for osteons Endosteum |
Appositional growth |
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Factors affecting bone growth |
Nutrition Hormones & Genetics |
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Factors affecting bone growth |
Nutrition Hormones & Genetics |
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Need vitamins and minerals |
Nutrition |
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Factors affecting bone growth |
Nutrition Hormones & Genetics |
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Need vitamins and minerals |
Nutrition |
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Growth hormone, thyroid hormone & sex hormone |
Hormones |
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Factors affecting bone growth |
Nutrition Hormones & Genetics |
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Need vitamins and minerals |
Nutrition |
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Growth hormone, thyroid hormone & sex hormone |
Hormones |
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Determine the potential final size |
Genetics |
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Bone firms before birth and continually renews itself |
Remodeling of bone |
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Bone firms before birth and continually renews itself |
Remodeling of bone |
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Remove old bone |
Osteoclasts |
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Deposit new bone |
Osteoblast |
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Process by which osteoclasts remove old bone is:: |
Resorption |
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Process by which osteoclasts remove old bone is:: |
Resorption |
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Process by which osteoblasts deposit new bone is:: |
Osteogenesis |
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Bone growth Repair Adjustment to stress & Calcium regulation are all part of: |
Bone remodeling |
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Broken ends of a bone protrude through skin |
Open fracture |
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Broken ends of a bone protrude through skin |
Open fracture |
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Bone is splintered crushed or broken to pieces at site of impact and smaller bone fragments lie b/w main fragments |
Comminuted fracture |
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Partial fracture in which one side of bone is broke and other side bends |
Green stick |
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One end of fractured bone is forcefully driven into the interior of the other |
Impact fracture |
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Fracture of distal end of lateral leg bone |
Pott fracture |
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Fracture of distal end of lateral firearm bone where distal fragments is displaced posteriorly |
Coles fracture |
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reactive phase Reparative phase Reparative phase Bone remodeling
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Fracture and repair of bone |
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Important for : Nerve and muscle Blood clotting & Enzymes |
Bones role in calcium homeostasis |
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When blood calcium fall too low: |
Osteoclast activity increase |
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When calcium in blood too high |
Osteoblast become more active |
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Released when blood calcium is too low Osteoclasts increase, loss of calcium, calcitriol increase |
Parathyroid hormone |
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Released in response to high blood calcium Osteoclasts decrease & bone formation increase |
Calcitonin |
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Decrease collagen- brittle bone Demineralization- fractures Less osteon production |
Aging on bone tissue |
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Bones that lie around the longitudinal axis is: |
Axial skeleton |
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Skull bones, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebrae column, & thorax are all apart of |
Axial skeleton |
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Does not articulate with other bones Provides attachment sites for muscle Keep larynx open |
Hyoid bone |
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Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, & coccyx regions are apart of |
Vertebral column |
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Lateral bending of vertebral column |
Scoliosis |
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Produces a Hunchback |
Kyphosis |
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Produces a Hunchback |
Kyphosis |
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Bent backwards., hollow back |
Lordosis |
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Joints Permit movement & Absorbs shock |
Intervertebral discs |
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Body Vertebral arch Process |
Vetebrae |
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Includes bones of upper & lower limbs and the girdles that attach the limbs to axial skeleton |
Appendicular skeleton |
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Primary function is movement |
Appendicular skeleton |
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Light and thin Shallow Larger and more oval Small and faces anteriorly Greater that 90 degree angle |
Female pelvis |
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Heavy and thick Deep Smaller and heart shaped Round Less than 90 degree angle |
Make pelvis |
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Less curved Less vertical Wide More movable and curved anteriorly |
Back (Definition) Female pelvis |
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Less curved Less vertical Wide More movable and curved anteriorly |
Back (Definition) Female pelvis |
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More curved More vertical Narrow Less movable and curved anteriorly |
Make pelvis |
