Ch.4 Musculoskeletal System

Front 1

ankyl/o

Back 1

crooked or stiff

Front 2

arthr/o, articul/o

Back 2

joint

Front 3

brachi/o

Back 3

arm

Front 4

cervic/o

Back 4

neck

Front 5

chondr/o

Back 5

cartilage (gristle)

Front 6

cost/o

Back 6

rib

Front 7

crani/o

Back 7

skull

Front 8

dactyl/o

Back 8

digit (finger or toe)

Front 9

fasci/o

Back 9

fascia (a band)

Front 10

femor/o

Back 10

femur

Front 11

fibr/o

Back 11

fiber

Front 12

kyph/o

Back 12

humped-back

Front 13

lei/o

Back 13

smooth

Front 14

lord/o

Back 14

bent

Front 15

lumb/o

Back 15

loin (lower back)

Front 16

my/o, myos/o, muscul/o

Back 16

muscle

Front 17

myel/o

Back 17

bone marrow or spinal cord

Front 18

oste/o

Back 18

bone

Front 19

patell/o

Back 19

knee cap

Front 20

pelv/i

Back 20

pelvis (basin) or hip bone

Front 21

radi/o

Back 21

radius

Front 22

rhabd/o

Back 22

rod-shaped or striated (skeletal)

Front 23

sarc/o

Back 23

flesh

Front 24

scoli/o

Back 24

twisted

Front 25

spondyl/o, vertebr/o

Back 25

vertebra

Front 26

stern/o

Back 26

sternum (breast bone)

Front 27

ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

Back 27

tendon (to stretch)

Front 28

thorac/o

Back 28

chest

Front 29

ton/o

Back 29

tone or tension

Front 30

uln/o

Back 30

ulna

Front 31

appendicular skelton

Back 31

bones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities

Front 32

axial skeleton

Back 32

bones of the skull, vertebral column, chest and hyoid bone (u-shaped bone at the base of the tongue)

Front 33

bone

Back 33

specialized connective tissue composed of osteocytes (bone cells); forms the skelton

Front 34

compact bone

Back 34

tightly solid bone tissue that forms the exterior of bones

Front 35

spongy bone
cancellous bone

Back 35

mesh-like tissue found in the interior of bones, and surrounding the medullary cavity

Front 36

long bones

Back 36

bones of the arms and legs

Front 37

short bones

Back 37

bones of the wrist and ankles

Front 38

flat bones

Back 38

bones of the ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis, and skull

Front 39

irregular bones

Back 39

bones of the vertebrae and face

Front 40

sesamoid bones

Back 40

round bones found near joints (e.g. the patella)

Front 41

epiphysis

Back 41

wide ends of a long bone (physis=growth)

Front 42

diaphysis

Back 42

shaft of a long bone

Front 43

metaphysis

Back 43

growth zone between the epiphysis and he diaphysis during development of a long bone

Front 44

endosteum

Back 44

membrane lining the medullar cavity of a bone

Front 45

medullary cavity

Back 45

cavity within the shaft of the long bones; filled with bone marrow

Front 46

bone marrow

Back 46

soft connective tissue within the medullary cavity of bones

Front 47

red bone marrow

Back 47

funtions to form red blood cells, some white blood cells, and platelets; found in the cavities of most bones in infants and in the flat bones in adults

Front 48

yellow bone marrow

Back 48

gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones; functions as storage for fat tissue and is inactive in formation of blood cells

Front 49

periosteum

Back 49

a fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the bone

Front 50

articular cartilage

Back 50

a gristle-like substance on bones where they articulate

Front 51

articulation

Back 51

a joint; the point where two bones come together

Front 52

bursa

Back 52

a fibrous sac between certain tendons and bones that is lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid

Front 53

disk or disc

Back 53

a flat, plate-like structure composed of fibrocartilaginous tissue between the vertebrae that reduces friction

Front 54

nucleus pulposus

Back 54

the soft, fivrocartilaginous, central portion of intervertebral disk

Front 55

ligament

Back 55

a flexible band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone

Front 56

synovial membrane

Back 56

membrane lining the capsule of a joint

Front 57

muscle

Back 57

tissue composed of fibers that can contract, causing movement of an organ or part of the body

Front 58

striated muscle
skeletal muscle

Back 58

voulntary muscle attached to skeleton

Front 59

smooth muscle

Back 59

involuntary muscle found in internal organs

Front 60

cardiac muscle

Back 60

muscle of the heart

Front 61

orgin of a muscle

Back 61

muscle end attached to the bone that does not move when the muscle contracts

Front 62

insertion of a muscle

Back 62

muscle end attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts

Front 63

tendon

Back 63

a band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone

Front 64

fascia

Back 64

a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle

Front 65

anatomic or anatomical position

Back 65

a term of reference that health professionals use when noting body planes, positions, or directions: the person is assumed to be standing upright (erect), facing foward, feet pointed forward and slightley apart, with arms at the sides and palms facing forward; the patient is visualized in this pose when applying any other term of reference

Front 66

body planes

Back 66

reference planes for indicating the location or direction of body parts

Front 67

coronal plane
frontal plane

Back 67

veritcal division of the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions

Front 68

sagittal plane

Back 68

vertical division of the body into reight and left portions

Front 69

transverse plane

Back 69

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

Front 70

anterior (A)
ventral

Back 70

front of the body

Front 71

posterior
dorsal

Back 71

back of the body

Front 72

anterior-posterior
(AP)

Back 72

from front to back, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam

Front 73

posterior-anterior
(PA)

Back 73

from back to front, as in reference to the direction of and x-ray beam

Front 74

superior
cephalic

Back 74

situated above another structure, toward the head

Front 75

inferior
caudal

Back 75

situated below another structure, away fromt he head

Front 76

proximal

Back 76

toward the beginning or origin of a structure; for example, the proximal aspect of the femur (thigh bone) is the area closest to where it attaches to the hip

Front 77

distal

Back 77

away from the beginning or origin of a structure; for example, the distal aspect of the femur (thight bone) is the area at the end of the bone near the knee

Front 78

medial

Back 78

toward the middle (midline)

Front 79

lateral

Back 79

toward the side

Front 80

axis

Back 80

the imaginary line that runs through the center of the body or a body part

Front 81

erect

Back 81

normal standing position

Front 82

decubitus

Back 82

lying down, especially in a bed; lateral decubitius is lying on the side (decumbo= to lie down)

Front 83

prone

Back 83

lying face down and flat

Front 84

recumbent

Back 84

lying down

Front 85

supine

Back 85

horizontal recumbent; lying flat on the back ('on the spine')

Front 86

flexion

Back 86

bending at the joint so that the angle between the bones is decreased

Front 87

extension

Back 87

straightening at the joint so that tthe angle beteen the bones is increased

Front 88

abduction

Back 88

movement away from the body

Front 89

rotation

Back 89

circular movement around an axis

Front 90

eversion

Back 90

turning outward, ie. of a foot

Front 91

inversion

Back 91

turning inward; ie. of a foot

Front 92

supination

Back 92

turning of the palmer surface ( palm of the hand) or plantar surface (sole of the foot) upwartd or forward

Front 93

pronation

Back 93

turning of the palmar surface (palm of hand) or planar surface (sole of the foot) downard or backward

Front 94

dorsiflexion

Back 94

bending of the foot or the toes upward

Front 95

plantar flexion

Back 95

bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes tward the ground

Front 96

range of motion
(ROM)

Back 96

total motion possible in a joint, described by the terms related to body movements (i.e. ability to flex, extend, abduct, or adduct); measured in degrees

Front 97

goniometer

Back 97

instrument used to measure joint angles (gonio= angle)

Front 98

arthralgia

Back 98

joint pain

Front 99

atrophy

Back 99

shrinking of muscle

Front 100

crepitation
crepitus

Back 100

grating sound sometimes made by the movement of a joint or broken bones

Front 101

exostosis

Back 101

a projection arising from a bone that develops from cartilage

Front 102

flaccid

Back 102

flabby, relaxed, or having defective or absent muscle tone

Front 103

hypertrophy

Back 103

increase in the size of tissue, such as muscle

Front 104

hypotonia

Back 104

reduced muscle tone or tension

Front 105

myalgia
myodynia

Back 105

muscle pain

Front 106

ostealgia
osteodynia

Back 106

bone pain

Front 107

rigor
rigidity

Back 107

stiffness; stiff muscle

Front 108

spasm

Back 108

drawing in ; involuntary contraction of muscle

Front 109

spastic

Back 109

uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles, causing stiff and awkward movements (resembles spasm)

Front 110

tetany

Back 110

tension; prolonged, continuous muscle contraction

Front 111

tremor

Back 111

shaking;rhythmic muscular movement

Front 112

ankylosis

Back 112

stiff joint condition

Front 113

arthritis

Back 113

inflammation of the joints characterized by pain, swelling, redness, warmth, and limitation of motion; there are more than 100 different types of arthritis

Front 114

osteoarthritis (OA)
degenerative arthritis
degenerative joint disease (DJD)

Back 114

most common form of arthritis, especiall affecting the weight-bearing joints (e.g., knee or hip), characterized by the erosion of articular cartilage

Front 115

rheumatoid arthritis

Back 115

most crippling form of arthritis; characterized by chronic, systemic inflammation, most often affecting joints and synovial membranes(especiall in the hands and feet) and causing ankylosis and deformity