Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
132 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Shang: 1750-1045 BC
|
Developed social classes, created Chinese written language
|
|
|
Zhou: 1045-256 BC
|
Longest lasting Chinese dynasty, Mandate of Heaven, irrigation and flood control, Confucius
|
|
|
Qin (Ch’in): 221-206 BC
|
Strong central government, single money system, began Great Wall
|
|
|
Han: 202 BC- AD 220
|
Enlarged empire, built Silk Road, paper, civil service exams, acupuncture, ship’s rudder
|
|
|
Sui: AD 581-618
|
Rebuilt Great Wall, Grand Canal
|
|
|
Tang: AD 618-907
|
Reforms in government, expanded empire, lost control of Silk Road, Buddhism accepted then persecuted
|
|
|
Song: AD 960-1279
|
coal and steel, movable type printing, gunpowder, compass, calligraphy, landscape painting
|
|
|
Yuan: AD 1279-1368
|
Mongol rule under Kublai Khan, China wealthy and powerful, Marco Polo visited his court
|
|
|
Ming: AD 1368-1644
|
Restored civil service exams, strengthened economy, Grand Canal repaired and expanded, Zheng He’s voyages of exploration
|
|
|
Different crops grown because of
|
great geographical diversity – variety of landscapes and climates
|
|
|
Crops include
|
rice, barley, sorghum, millet, soybeans, and wheat
|
|
|
Irrigation techniques and iron farm tools produced
|
larger harvest
|
|
|
Two results of larger harvests were
|
supported growing population, excess used to increase trade (note: more land available for cultivation because of innovations)
|
|
|
Between AD 754 and 1100’s, China’s population
|
rose to about 100 million, doubled
|
|
|
The reason for increased population was
|
increased production of rice, wheat, and other crops in central and southern China
|
|
|
Large urban populations showed
|
a change from employment in farms to labor in cities
|
|
|
As a result of city labor, industry
|
growth resulted in growing cities
|
|
|
Smaller cities and towns were
|
developed as centers of commerce where a variety of products were exchanged, started urban societies
|
|
|
Trade items first included
|
tin (for bronze), cowry, and turtle shells, silk
|
|
|
Later, items for export included
|
iron products, silk
|
|
|
Items used as money included
|
bolts of silk, jade, pearl, pieces of metal, leather, dogs, horses, bronze coins in the shape of spades or knives
|
|
|
Qin (Ch’in) dynasty developed
|
small, round, bronze or copper coin with a square hole in the middle/ strung together, certain amount equaled bushel of grain or bolt of silk
|
|
|
Song dynasty first produced
|
paper money
|
|
|
Discoveries were made and developed producing these innovations:
|
processing of iron ore, paper, gunpowder, compass, printing methods, silk fabric
|
|
|
Technology is
|
putting knowledge to effective use in the form of a concept or technique
|
|
|
Technology contributes
|
to culture
|
|
|
Silk
|
fabric created from silk moth cocoons, reserved for Chinese rulers, but technique was smuggled
|
|
|
Paper
|
possibly developed a few years before Christ, mixture of fibers, rags, and water, pressed and dried/ used for wrapping, padding, writing, toilet paper, and tea bags
|
|
|
Compass was originally used in building, later was used to
|
find direction
|
|
|
Gunpowder was originally used as a medicine, but later
|
developed many weapons with it, including flamethrowers, rockets, and crude bombs
|
|
|
Saltpeter was a key ingredient in
|
medicines, and gunpowder
|
|
|
Printing started as woodblock, later as movable type, but
|
made little use of it/ first person to use it with success was German – Johannes Gutenberg
|
|
|
Cast Iron
|
iron ore, carbon, silicon, heated, poured into mold, hardens, used for many different things products including bridges, machine parts, weapons, cooking utensils, was stronger than pure iron, and had a lower melting point
|
|
|
Imports from Southeast Asia and other lands included
|
gold, ivory, and other products
|
|
|
The merchant class was considered
|
the lowest members of society
|
|
|
Confucianism condemned
|
the practice of making a profit
|
|
|
After the Song dynasty came into power
|
circumstances improved for the merchant class, became respected and influencial members of Chinese society, could now get a place in government, got friends from government to help business
|
|
|
Six benefits a strong merchant class provided the Chinese people were
|
production of wealth; factories; employment; bigger towns, trading centers, and cities; improved standard of living; new products to buy
|
|
|
Ancestor Worship was and important part of Chinese culture; it was
|
the leading religion in Chinese history, believed dead ancestors could help them
|
|
|
Confucianism (Zhou dynasty-5th cent), was a philosophy based on
|
relationships and ethical behavior
|
|
|
Buddhism, imported from India, was founded on
|
four noble truths, main concept was suffering and how to end it, Follow Eightfold Path
|
|
|
Taoism’s philosophy was
|
peace and harmony can be found by living in harmony with nature
|
|
|
Lao-Tzu, Taoism’s founder, promoted
|
mystical and superstitious elements in China
|
|
|
Nestorian Christian missionaries
|
traveled to China, established some churches, converted some, but were persecuted with the rise of Islam
|
|
|
Japan borrowed and modified from China
|
written language, central government, Buddhism, modified until Japanese in nature
|
|
|
Japan’s four main islands are
|
Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu
|
|
|
In the AD 700’s, the Fujiwara clan
|
became dominant in Japan
|
|
|
Its capital was
|
Kyoto in 1794
|
|
|
During the Taika (Great Change), Japan’s government
|
took on a Chinese style government, centralized form
|
|
|
Feudalism was
|
people switching their loyalties to a local ruler; land was controlled by lords, paid lord in labor or produce
|
|
|
Feudalism resulted when
|
local rulers replaced a central power, loyalties confined to that ruler, central rulers neglected the needs of the people
|
|
|
Feudalism lasted
|
from late 12th cent, to mid-19th cent, ~750 years
|
|
|
In AD 1192, another clan, headed by Yoritomo
|
took control
|
|
|
Yoritomo’s title, Shogun, meant
|
great general
|
|
|
During the Kamakura period
|
Yoritomo began to change Japan to a warrior state; he ruled from Kamakura
|
|
|
During the 1200’s, fighting between clans
|
stopped, and Japan fought off foreign invaders
|
|
|
In AD 1336, the Ashikaga
|
clan became dominant, 2nd period of Japanese feudalism named after them
|
|
|
In AD 1600, the Tokugawa
|
clan became dominant, final period of feudalism named after them, fighting between clans to 19th cent
|
|
|
Edo (Tokyo) became
|
new capital in 1603
|
|
|
Samurai (which means “to serve”) were
|
the leaders of Japanese society, Japanese warrior, also called bushi
|
|
|
Samurai learned
|
fighting, history, literature, writing; learned to appreciate their culture
|
|
|
The code of Bushido included
|
traits – loyalty, honor, duty, courage; called the way of the warrior
|
|
|
Hara-kiri, part of the Bushido code, required
|
to commit suicide rather than be captured or prove disloyal to his master, this loyalty kept feudalism going
|
|
|
Shintoism, Japan’s national religion, is
|
an ancient form of Japanese religion that promotes devotion to homeland, emperor, nature, and spirits in nature, called Kami spirits
|
|
|
Zen Buddhism, adopted from China, enabled samurai
|
to endure the hardships of battle by developing intense concentration, self-control, and concentration of energy
|
|
|
Vietnam is located
|
south of China, forms western border of South China Sea
|
|
|
The two ancient kingdoms of Vietnam were
|
Dai Viet and Champa
|
|
|
In AD 1471, troops from Dai Viet
|
invaded and destroyed the capital of Champa
|
|
|
The new (old: Champa and Dai Viet) kingdom became known as
|
Vietnam, Vietnamese
|
|
|
Angkor (Cambodia) was influenced by
|
China and India
|
|
|
The Khmer empire
|
developed in this region (Angkor) between 9th and 13 cent, Angkor was Khmer’s center of power
|
|
|
Angkor Wat was
|
one of the thousands of temples built in the area (Angkor)
|
|
|
From AD 1432 to the 1800’s, Cambodia was
|
ruled by Thai and Vietnamese
|
|
|
The Mongols were
|
nomads who lived in tribes on the Mongolian plateau north of China
|
|
|
The Mongols herded
|
large herds of horses
|
|
|
Yurts were
|
heavy felt tents that could be moved around with the Mongol’s lifestyle
|
|
|
Two factors that led the Mongols to unite were
|
cooling over the region (less food), and the birth of a gifted Mongol boy who became a great military leader
|
|
|
In AD 1206, Temujin or Chinggis (Genghis) Khan, after several years gaining power,
|
he became the supreme leader over all the Mongol tribes
|
|
|
Chinggis Kahn’s name means
|
Great Ruler
|
|
|
Chinggis used these ways to unify the Mongols
|
organized government, common law, organized military
|
|
|
The greatest character trait, according to Chinggis was
|
loyalty
|
|
|
Great Yasa was
|
a law code that Chinggis wrote which dealt with every area of life
|
|
|
The Mongol army was organized into
|
units of tens, hundreds, and thousands
|
|
|
Their armor consisted of
|
stiff animal hides and shirts made of raw silk
|
|
|
Chinggis’s army became
|
a strong disciplined army that overwhelmed city after city
|
|
|
Siege warfare was effective because
|
they fired weapons into the cities, starved the people by preventing food to enter
|
|
|
Rocket technology
|
was borrowed from the Chinese, inaccurate, but frightening (for shooting into cities)
|
|
|
Pretend retreat was effective because
|
they would appear to leave their camp empty, but ambush the people they were previously attacking, when they tried to plunder the camp
|
|
|
The Mongols used terrorist methods to
|
capture towns without a fight, increase the size forces
|
|
|
In AD 1227, Chinggis died; the empire he created was
|
from Beijing to Russia, divided among his sons, but conquests continued
|
|
|
By 1258, the Mongol empire had taken over
|
Baghdad in Iraq, western Europe was spared from conquest by unknown reasons
|
|
|
By AD 1279, the Mongol empire stretched from
|
Russia and Southern Song Dynasty
|
|
|
Kublai Khan came into power in
|
AD 1260
|
|
|
In 1279, Kublai conquered China and established
|
the Yuan (the Origin) dynasty
|
|
|
Kublai tried twice to
|
conquer Japan, but failed both times, unable to expand empire past China
|
|
|
Mongol rule ended in 1368 and resulted in
|
very little change to China
|
|
|
Because Japan had become a military state
|
it was prepared for the Mongol attack
|
|
|
In both attacks by the Mongols on Japan, storms
|
destroyed the Mongol fleet, and the Japanese drove back those who did land
|
|
|
Kamikaze means
|
divine wind
|
|
|
In WWII,
|
a myth that the Japanese could not be destroyed, was proved wrong
|
|
|
These countries in Southeast Asia resisted Mongol conquest
|
Vietnam, Burma, and Java
|
|
|
Vietnam, Burma, and Java, were preserved by
|
Kublai diverting his soldiers to ensure rule in Mongolia, and also ritual submission by these countries
|
|
|
Batu Khan led
|
forces into Europe
|
|
|
Between AD 1237-1240, Tartars
|
smashed through Russian, Hungarian, and Polish defenses
|
|
|
In the Battle of Liegnitz,
|
a combined force of Poles, Czechs, and Germans, tried to stop the Mongols, but through varied accounts, seem to have been destroyed by the Mongols
|
|
|
The Golden Horde was
|
an empire in Western Asia built by Batu, named by Russians because their yurts shown in the sun
|
|
|
Mongol rule influenced Russia by
|
isolating Russia from Western Europe for over 2 centuries, influence shown in Russia’s architecture
|
|
|
Moscow developed
|
from a small town to the capital of Russia; as it grew, the Golden Horde weakened
|
|
|
Traditional Mongol Religion believed in
|
many gods, good and evil spirits, and a supreme god who ruled over the spirits, called shamanism
|
|
|
Tengri was
|
the name of the supreme god of shamanism, meant “the great god of heaven”
|
|
|
Mongols believed in spirits, and made
|
small idols of felt, smeared food and water on them, believed to protect family
|
|
|
Mongols believed that Shamans
|
had power over the spirits
|
|
|
Evidence of the spread of Nestorian Christianity is seen in
|
a monument erected by them and Nestorian churches sited by Marco Polo on the route between Europe and China
|
|
|
Religious tolerance was
|
in the later Mongol empire, allowing people of many religions including Christians and Jews, some Christians were even married to Mongols
|
|
|
Rise of Islam in the Mongol empire resulted in
|
persecution of other religious groups
|
|
|
Nestorian persecution included
|
wearing distinctions like a yellow patch or special haircut, riding horses sidesaddle, hanging, and living in small groups in remote areas
|
|
|
The Mongols did not: manufacture...
|
anything other than what they needed or grow many crops
|
|
|
By trade, the Mongols received
|
silk and cotton, and grew the empire
|
|
|
In AD 1279, after 1,000 years of limited contact, the Mongols
|
conquered all of China, and reopened trade along the ancient silk routes
|
|
|
During the Crusades, Mongol traders
|
brought exotic goods from the Far East to Middle East, which got taken to Western Europe by merchants and Crusaders
|
|
|
Instead of a nomadic life, Mongols
|
settled into towns, Kublai Khan built a palace in northern China
|
|
|
The Age of European Exploration was the result of
|
want for goods from the Far East, close of trade routes, search for new routes, to get more money
|
|
|
Time and in-fighting of Mongol tribes resulted in
|
the weakening of the empire
|
|
|
By AD 1368, the Ming (“brilliant”) dynasty
|
was established, expelled Mongols out of China, all traces of Mongol rule sought to be removed
|
|
|
Timur (Tamerlane) was
|
lame, but became a powerful conqueror
|
|
|
Timur’s empire went from
|
Turkey to India, captured Baghdad and Damascus, defeated Ottoman Turks
|
|
|
Timur invaded
|
southern Russia and weakened the Golden Horde
|
|
|
Timur’s empire collapsed because he was focused on
|
collecting treasures taken in battle
|
|
|
The Mughal Empire of India was the last
|
Mongol empire
|
|
|
The Mongol rule over India brought
|
an era of peace and artistic achievement to India
|
|
|
Akbar was
|
a wise and generous leader whose empire extended over most of India, and whose people (Mughals) were peaceful, most famous Mughal emperor
|
|
|
The Taj Mahal was
|
an example of some of India’s greatest architecture under the Mughals, was famous for a very long time (and still is) |
