Ch.3: Perception And Pattern Recognition

Front 1

Pattern recognition

Back 1

Enables us to recognize a complex arrangement of stimuli from sensory data.

Front 2

Efficiency in pattern recognition

Back 2

Allows you to identify patterns both accurately and rapidly with a minimal amount of information

Front 3

Flexibility

Back 3

The ability to accurately recognize the same patterns despite great variation in their form

Front 4

Gestalt psychology

Back 4

gestalt psychologist objected to the structuralist view that perception is the sum of a set of elementary sensations.

Hint 4

"the whole is different from the sum of its parts"

Front 5

Reversible figure

Back 5

A multi-stable figure that shifts from figure to be reorganized into ground.

Front 6

Reversible figure

Back 6

A multi-stable figure that shifts from figure to be reorganized into ground.

Front 7

Figure-ground organization

Back 7

Figure is perceived as having distinct contours in a scene. It stands out from the "ground" which is undifferentiated.

Front 8

Gestalt approach

Back 8

Mostly descriptive with little ability to predict how people will perceive form on future situations.

Hint 8

James Pomerantz called it "look at the figure and see for yourself" method.

Front 9

Heuristics

Back 9

guides for finding useful info

Front 10

Top down processing

Back 10

how our brains make use of information that has already been brought into the brain by one or more of the sensory systems.

cognitive process that

initiates with our thoughts, which flow down to lower-level functions, such as the senses.

Hint 10

when a stimulus is presented short and clarity is uncertain that gives a vague stimulus

Front 11

Bottom up processing

Back 11

approach wherein there is a progression from the individual elements to the whole.

Front 12

Likelihood principle

Back 12

States that we tend to perceive what is the most likely cause of the stimulation of our senses.

Front 13

Constructivism

Back 13

Idea the what we perceive is a mental construction based on experience, biases, expectations, strategies, and motives.

Front 14

Constructivism

Back 14

Idea the what we perceive is a mental construction based on experience, biases, expectations, strategies, and motives.

Front 15

Constructivist

Back 15

Believes that the observer actively uses knowledge to interpret sensory data.

Front 16

Constructivism

Back 16

Idea the what we perceive is a mental construction based on experience, biases, expectations, strategies, and motives.

Front 17

Constructivist

Back 17

Believes that the observer actively uses knowledge to interpret sensory data.

Front 18

Depth perception

Back 18

Involves perceiving the relative position of objects.

Front 19

Constructivism

Back 19

Idea the what we perceive is a mental construction based on experience, biases, expectations, strategies, and motives.

Front 20

Constructivist

Back 20

a person that believes the observer actively uses knowledge to interpret sensory data.

Front 21

Depth perception

Back 21

Involves perceiving the relative position of objects.

Front 22

Depth cue

Back 22

A signal that carries information about the relative position of objects acquired through repeated experiences with the environment.

Front 23

Overlap

Back 23

An object covering another object is perceived as closer to the observer than the covered object

Front 24

Overlap

Back 24

An object covering another object is perceived as closer to the observer than the covered object

Front 25

Relative size

Back 25

When two objects are the same size, the one further back will be smaller in the field of view

Front 26

Overlap

Back 26

An object covering another object is perceived as closer to the observer than the covered object

Front 27

Relative size

Back 27

When two objects are the same size, the one further back will be smaller in the field of view

Front 28

Relative height

Back 28

Objects higher in your field of view tend to be perceived as further away

Front 29

Linear perspective

Back 29

Parallel lines appear to come together in the distance and be farther apart when nearer

Front 30

Linear perspective

Back 30

Parallel lines appear to come together in the distance and be farther apart when nearer

Front 31

Textual gradient

Back 31

In a regularly textured surface, he grains appear smaller as distance from the observer increases.

Front 32

Perspective theory

Back 32

Depth cues signal the three dimensionality of objects

Front 33

Perspective theory

Back 33

Depth cues signal the three dimensionality of objects

Front 34

Binocular disparity

Back 34

Based on the slight displacement of the image of an object on the two retinas.

Front 35

Perceptual constancy

Back 35

the tendency to perceive an object you are familiar with as having a constant shape, size, and brightness despite the stimuli changes that occur.

Front 36

Perceptual constancy

Back 36

the tendency to perceive an object you are familiar with as having a constant shape, size, and brightness despite the stimuli changes that occur.

Front 37

Size constancy

Back 37

Perceiving an object as the same size even when it's distance from us changes

Front 38

Visual angle

Back 38

angle formed by two rays of light or two straight lines drawn from the extreme points of a viewed object to the nodal point of the eye.

Front 39

Muller-Lyer Illusion

Back 39

that lines Aa, Bb, and Cc appear to be different sizes because of the way the arrows at the ends of each line are facing

Hint 39

a size illusion

Front 40

Perspective constancy (PC) theory

Back 40

proposes that when the patterns signal depth, this leads to misapplied size constancy and a distortion of size

Hint 40

theory to explain the muller-yet illusion based on perspective theory and size constancy

Richard Gregory

Front 41

Direct perception

Back 41

regularities or invariances picked up directly from the environment to proceed an objects size and distance

Hint 41

Gibson

Front 42

Context

Back 42

refers to other information or conditions surrounding a target stimulus that can affect the processing of it

Front 43

Template matching theory

Back 43

suggests that memory contains exact copies of all patterns a person can recognize.

Front 44

Template matching theory

Back 44

suggests that memory contains exact copies of all patterns a person can recognize.

Front 45

Distinctive features model

Back 45

unique; used to distinguish one from another.

Front 46

Word superiority effect

Back 46

A letter is being recognized when it is part of a word.

Front 47

Computational approach

Back 47

cognitive scientists take this approach to specify and model human mental processes with a set of equations that can be computed.

Front 48

Recognition by components

Back 48

how we may perceive more complex three dimensional objects from simpler features.

Hint 48

Irving Biederman's theory RBC

Front 49

Recognition by components

Back 49

how we may perceive more complex three dimensional objects from simpler features.

Hint 49

Irving Biederman's theory RBC

Front 50

Geons

Back 50

Simple three dimensional form

Hint 50

cone, cube, cylinder, rectangular block.

Front 51

Prototype theory

Back 51

used typically or the most frequently shared feature to recognize patterns

Hint 51

an average or best example.