Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
organuc compunds |
carbon based molecules usually with a hydrogen too |
|
|
hydrocarbions |
compounds with only hydrogen and carbon |
|
|
fxnal groups |
chemical groups that ar polar and hydrophilic |
|
|
hydroxyl group |
hydrogen atom bonded to O bonded to carbon skeleteon |
|
|
carbonyl group |
carbon linked in double bond to O *aldehyde- if carbon group is on the end *ketone-when carbon group is within |
|
|
carboxyl group |
carbon double bonded to O and bonded to hydroxyl group *acid |
|
|
amino group |
nitrogen bnded to two hydrogens and the carbon skeleton *base |
|
|
phosphate group |
phosphorus atome bonded to four oxygen atoms *involved in energy transfers |
|
|
methyl group |
carbon bonded to the H atoms |
|
|
macromolecules |
carbohydrates,proteins, nucleic acids |
|
|
polymers |
when smaller molecules join into chains *built up of monomers |
|
|
dehyration reaction |
removes a molecule of water to bond molecules |
|
|
hydrolysis |
adds water to break the bonds in macromolecules |
|
|
enzymes |
specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical runs in cells |
|
|
carbohydrates |
monosaccharides are the monomers *typically a multiple of CH2O (glucose C6H12O6) *tyoically six carbons long but theres 3-7 *main fuel for cellular work |
|
|
dissacharide |
two monosacchs linked together by dehydration *sucrose |
|
|
polysaccharides |
macromolecules storage and structure *starch-storage in plants *glycogen-storage for glucose in animals *cellulose-structure for plant cell walls *chitin- structural polysach used by insects in their exoskeleton |
|
|
Lipids |
*molecules that do not mix well with water, hydrophobic *fats, phospholipids,steroids *not built from monomers |
|
|
fats |
large lipids made from glycerol and fatty acids that link from dehydration *fatty acids is a carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon chain *long term energy storage |
|
|
unsaturated fatty acid |
when a hydrocarbon chain contains one or more double bonds, liquid at room temp-fish,oils |
|
|
saturated fatty acide |
no double bonds in its hydrocarbon chain with max number of H atoms to the C atoms, solid at room temp-animal fats |
|
|
trans fats |
unsaturated fats that have been converted to saturated fats ny adding H *many health risks |
|
|
phospholipids |
major component of cell membranes * hydrophobic tails cluster in the center *hydropjilic heads face the watery environment on either side of the membrane |
|
|
steroids |
lipids in which the C skeleton contains four fused rings |
|
|
cholesterol |
common component of animal cell membranes *precursor fro steroids including sex hormones |
|
|
anabolic steroids |
synthetic variants of thimble hormone testosterone *cause liver damage, mood swings,depression, shrunken testicles, reduced sex drive *helps build muscle and bone mass |
|
|
proteins |
a polymer of amino acids *structurally and functionally the most varied *enzymes *transport proteins *signal proteins *receptor proteins *contractile proteins and structural *storage |
|
|
denaturation |
when a protein unravels losing its shape and therefore its fxn *heat *alzheimers is accumulation of misfolded proteins *3D shape determines fxn |
|
|
amino acids |
amino group and carboxyl group *joined through dehydration rxns resulting in a covalent bond called a peptide bond |
|
|
polypeptide |
several amino acids added through dehydration to form a chain of amino acids *R groups of amino acid groups determine their role depemding on their characteristics such as water loving or hating |
|
|
primary structure of protein |
precise sequnce of amino acids in the polypep chain |
|
|
secondary structure |
segments of the chain fold into local patterns |
|
|
tertiary structure |
3D shape of a protein
|
|
|
quaternary structure |
proteins with multiple polypep chains *review 3.14 |
|
|
gene |
a unit of inheritance |
|
|
DNA |
nucleic acids *provides direction for its own replication *makes RNA *A with T,C with G *double helix in which two polynucleotides wrap around each other *complementary strands allows for identical copies its DNA |
|
|
RNA |
nucleic acids *DNA is transpired into it *RNA molec moves out of nucleus and proteins begin to build DNA with RNA instructions *A with U,C with G |
|
|
nucleotides |
monomers that make up the nucleic acids *5 C sugar either deoxyribose (DNA) or ribose (RNA), linked o phosphate group, linked to other side is nitrogenous base |
|
|
lactose |
lactose tolerance is new *only occurred because it offers a survival advantage |
