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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are segments of nucleic acids contained in a protein coat?
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Viruses
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________ are smaller than bacteria, ranging from 20-250 nm.
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Viruses
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Why are viruses not considered living?
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They don't
-grow -maintain homeostasis -they don't metabolize |
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Who purified TMV?
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(wendell) stanley
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What did he find out?
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He purifified the TMV virus, a crystal, a property of chemicals, and it could infect healthy plants. They concluded TMV was a chemical, not an organism. They reassembled the TMV's protein and RNA to make the virus able to infect plants.
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This virus protein coat many contain either RNA or DNA.
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Capsid
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The membrane surrounding the capsid in many viruses, such as the Influenza one. It helps the virus enter the cell, too.
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Envelope
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Envelopes consist of ..
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Proteins, Lipids, Glycoproteins (proteins with attached Carb. molecules that are derived from the host cell).
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Shapes of viruses ....
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Enveloped
Helical Polyhedral ( most have 20 faces and 12 corners). Most efficient one that can hold the viral genome. |
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Example of each shape ..
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Influenza
TMV Adenovirus |
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Viruses that infect bacteria are known as __________. They contain a polyhedron capsid attached to a helical tail. A long DNA molecule is also coiled w/i the polyhedron.
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bacteriophages
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The viral DNA which inserts into a host cell's chromosome.
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Provirus.
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True/False: Viruses often attack at favorable times for themselves ..
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True
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How is AIDS transmitted?
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Blood, pregnancy, breast milk, semen, and vaginal secretions.
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What does AIDS stand for
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Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome.
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Name the 7 unique characteristics of bacteria.
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Internal compartmentalization
cell size multicellularity chromosomes reproduction flagella metabolic diversity |
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Name the 3 shapes of cells
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Bacillus (rod)
Spirillum (spiral) Coccus (round) |
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Outside the cell wall and membrane, many bacteria have a gel-like layer called a __________.
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capsule.
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_____________ are chemicals that interfere w/ life processes in bacteria.
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antibiotics
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some bacteria form thick-walled _________ around their chromosomes and a small bit of cytoplasm when they are exposed to harsh conditions.
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endospores
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____________ is a process in which two organisms exchange genetic materia.
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conjugation
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Three unique structures of bacterial cells:
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cell walls
endospores pili |
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Give examples of each shape o' cell shape.
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Bacillus: e. coli
Coccus: Micrococcus luteus Spirillum: Spirillum volutans |
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Over __________ species have been named.
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4,000
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There are at least ________ phyla of eubacteria and _____ of archaebacteria.
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12, 4
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What conditions/actions do Photosynthetic bacteria use?
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They live in ANAEROBIC environments. They can't use water for photo. but use sulfur compounds, like H-sub2-S
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Name some types of Photosynthetic bacteria
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-purple nonsulfur, green sulfur, purple sulfur, cyanobacteria (02 in envir.)
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What conditions/actions do Chemoautotrophic bacteria require?
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They obtain energy from removing electrons from (in)organic molecules. If they have hydrogen, they can manufacture all their own amino acids and proteins. Ones that live in soil are important to agriculture. They oxidize things like ammonia to nitrate.
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What conditions/actions do Heterotrophic bacteria require?
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aerobic/aerobic+anaerobic
They are the main decomposers of soil, can be harmful to humans, or helpful. |
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What do E. Coli use for locomotion??
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flagella
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e. coli single/multi
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single
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gram +/-
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negative
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Other things to know.... peptidoglycan. Reproduction by binary fision as fast as ____ min.
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20
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Pili imp. b/c?
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adhere to surfaces
join bacterial cells prior to conjugation |
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_____ are poisonous to eukaryotic cells.
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toxins
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A person who eats food that contains Clostridium botulinum and becomes ill from this disease is called a ___________.
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botulist.
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Symptums =
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double vision and paralysis
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Flemming noticed that fungus was secreting a bacteria called __________. This allowed to treat many bacterial diseases, like pneumonia.
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penicillium
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true/false Chemoautotrophic bacteria can convert the sulfur into a soluble compound, leaving the desired mineral behind.
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True!
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______ are particles that are composed of proteins and have no nucleic acid.
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prion
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A _________ is a single strand of RNA that has no capsid.
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viroid
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