Ch.20 Flashcards

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MINOR V. HAPPERSET

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Minor v. Happersett, 88 U.S. 162 (1874), was a United States Supreme Court case appealed from the Supreme Court of Missouri concerning the Missouri law which ordained "Every male citizen of the United States shall be entitled to vote."

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POLL TAX

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money that must be paid in order to vote. There used to be poll taxes in some places in the USA; this tax kept many poor people from voting since they could not afford to pay the tax. The 24th Amendment to the Constitution (ratified in 1964) made poll taxes illegal.

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WILLIAMS V. MISSISSIPPI

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170 U.S. 213 (1898) is a United States Supreme Court case that reviewed provisions of the state constitution that set requirements for voter registration. The Supreme Court did not find discrimination in the state's requirements for voters to pass a literacy test and pay poll taxes, as these were applied to all voters.

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LITERACY TEST

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An exam to determine that a voter can read, write and understand public issues. In 1965, President Johnson enacted the Voting Rights Act, which abolished literacy tests and other voter restrictions and authorized federal intervention against voter discrimination.

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GRANDFATHER CLAUSE

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clause included in the state constitutions of several southern states after the Civil War placing high literacy and property requirements for voters whose ancestors did not vote before 1867. These clauses were designed to interfere with African-American citizens' right to vote. ...

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HOMESTEAD ACT

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The Homestead Act was one of several United States federal laws that gave an applicant freehold title up to 160 acres (1/4 section) of undeveloped land outside of the original 13 colonies. The new law required three steps: file an application, improve the land, and file for deed of title. ...

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MUNN V. ILLINOIS

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94 U.S. 113 (1877),[1] was a United States Supreme Court case dealing with corporate rates and agriculture. The Munn case allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation.

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WABASH DECISION

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118 U.S. 557

(1886)[1], also known as the Wabash Case, was a Supreme Court decision that severely limited the rights of states to control interstate commerce. It led to the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission.

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ICC

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Interstate Commerce Commission: a former independent federal agency that supervised and set rates for carriers that transported goods and people between states; was terminated in 1995; "the ICC was established in 1887 as the first federal agency"

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INTERSTATE COMMERCE ACT

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In American history, the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 refers to a federal law designed to regulate the monopolistic railroad industry.

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BLAND-ALLISON SILVER PURCHASE ACT

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was an 1878 act of Congress requiring the U.S. Treasury to buy a certain amount of silver and put it into circulation as silver dollars. Vetoed by President Rutherford B. Hayes, the Congress overrode Hayes' veto on February 28, 1878 to enact the law.

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JAMES G BLAINE

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(January 31, 1830 – January 27, 1893) was a U.S. Representative, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, U.S. Senator from Maine, two-time Secretary of State. He was nominated for president in 1884, but lost a close race to Democrat Grover Cleveland.

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PENDLETON ACT

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The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act (ch. 27, 22 Stat. 403) of United States federal law established the United States Civil Service Commission, which placed most federal government employees on the merit system and marked the end of the so-called spoils system. ...

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MCKINLEY TARIFF ACT

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The McKinley Tariff of 1890 set the average ad valorem tariff rate for imports to the United States at 48.4%, and protected manufacturing. Its chief proponent was Congressman and future President William McKinley.

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SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT

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The Sherman Antitrust Act (Sherman Act,[1] July 2, 1890, ch. 647, 26 Stat. 209, 15 U.S.C. § 1

–7

) requires the United States Federal government to investigate and pursue trusts, companies and organizations suspected of violating the Act. It was the first Federal statute to limit cartels and monopolies, and today still forms the basis for most antitrust litigation by the United States federal government. However, for the most part, politicians were unwilling to use the law until Theodore Roosevelt's Presidency (1901-1909).

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US V. EC KNIGHT

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United States v. E. C. Knight Co., 156 U.S. 1 (1895)[1], also known as the "'Sugar Trust Case,'" was a United States Supreme Court case that limited the government's power to control monopolies. The case, which was the first heard by the Supreme Court concerning the Sherman Antitrust Act, was argued on October 24, 1894 and the decision was issued on January 21, 1895.

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SHERMAN SILVER PURCHASE ACT

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The Sherman Silver Purchase Act was enacted in July 14, 1890[1] as a United States federal law. It was named after its author, Senator John Sherman, an Ohio Republican, chairman of the Senate Finance Committee. While not authorizing the free and unlimited coinage of silver that the Free Silver supporters wanted, it increased the amount of silver the government was required to purchase every month. The Sherman Silver Purchase Act had been passed in response to the growing complaints of farmers and mining interests. Farmers had immense debts that could not be paid off due to deflation caused by overproduction, and they urged the government to pass the Sherman Silver Purchase Act in order to boost the economy and cause inflation, allowing them to pay their debts with cheaper dollars.[2] Mining companies, meanwhile, had extracted vast quantities of silver from western mines; the resulting oversupply drove down the price of their product, often to below the point where it was profitable to mine it. They hoped to enlist the government to artificially increase demand for, and thus the price of, silver.

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SILVERITES

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The Silverites were a political group in the United States in the late-19th century that advocated that silver should continue to be a monetary standard along with gold. The Silverite coalition's famous slogan was "16 to 1" – that is, the ratio of sixteen ounces of silver equal in value to one ounce of gold, a ratio similar to the Coinage Act of 1792.

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BILLION DOLLAR CONGRESS

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The Fifty-first United States Congress, referred to by some critics as the Billion Dollar Congress, was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. ...

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NATIONAL FARMERS ALLIANCE AND INDUSTRIAL UNION (ALL THE ALLIANCES)

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The Farmer's Alliance was an organized agrarian economic movement amongst U.S. farmers that flourished in the 1880s. One of its goals was to end the adverse effects of the crop-lien system on farmers after the US Civil War.[1][2] First formed in 1876 in Lampasas, Texas, the Alliance was designed to promote higher commodity prices through collective action by groups of individual farmers. The movement was strongest in the South, and was widely popular before it was destroyed by the power of commodity brokers. Despite its failure, it is regarded as the precursor to the United States Populist Party, which grew out of the ashes of the Alliance in 1892.

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OCALA DEMANDS(PLATFORM)

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The Ocala Demands was a platform for economic and political reform that was later adopted by the People's Party.

In December, 1890, the National Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union, more commonly known as the Southern Farmers' Alliance, its affiliate the Colored Farmers' Alliance, and the Farmers' Mutual Benefit Association met jointly in the Marion Opera House in Ocala, Florida, where they adopted the Ocala Demands.
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POPULIST PARTY

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People's Party: a former political party in the United States; formed in 1891 to advocate currency expansion and state control of railroads

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GREENBACK-LABOR PARTY

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The Greenback Party (also known as the Independent Party, the National Party, and the Greenback-Labor Party) was an American political party with an antimonopoly ideology that was active between 1874 and 1884. ...

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INDUSTRIAL BLACK FRIDAY

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In the spring of 1893, a precipitous drop in United States gold reserves triggered a national depression. Because Seattle was still rebuilding from the disastrous fire of 1889 and depended heavily on Eastern capital, the ensuing Panic of '93 hit the city hard with corporate bankruptcies, mass layoffs, bank failures, and white-collar crime. It ended Peter Kirk's dream of building the "Pittsburgh of the West" in Kirkland, ruined Seattle pioneer and developer David Denny (1832-1903), led 1,500 local laborers to join Coxey's Army in a march of the unemployed on Washington, D.C., and prompted Seattle City Treasurer Adolph Krug to abscond with $125,000 in municipal funds. Seattle did not fully recover until 1898, after the Klondike Gold Rush had established the city as the Gateway to Canada's Klondike River through Alaska.

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PANIC OF 1893

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The Panic of 1893 was a serious economic depression in the United States that began in 1893. Similar to the Panic of 1873, this panic was caused by railroad overbuilding and shaky railroad financing which set off a series of bank failures. ...

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COXEY'S ARMY

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Coxey's Army was a protest march by unemployed workers from the United States, led by the populist Jacob Coxey. They marched on Washington D.C. in 1894, the second year of a four-year economic depression that was the worst in United States history to that time. ...

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PULLMAN STRIKE

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The Pullman Strike was a nationwide conflict between labor unions and railroads that occurred in the United States in 1894. ...

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IN RE DEBS

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In re Debs, 158 U.S. 564 (1895),[1] was a United States Supreme Court decision handed down concerning Eugene V. Debs and labor unions. Debs, president of the American Railway Union, had been involved in the Pullman Strike earlier in 1894 and challenged the federal injunction ordering the strikers back to work where they would face being fired. The injunction had been issued because of the violent nature of the strike. However, Debs refused to end the strike and was subsequently cited for contempt of court; he appealed the decision to the courts.

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WILSON-GORMAN TARIFF ACT

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The Revenue Act or Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894 (ch. 349, §73, 28 Stat. 570, August 27, 1894) slightly reduced the United States tariff rates from the numbers set in the 1890 McKinley tariff and imposed a 2% income tax. It is named for William L. Wilson, Representative from West Virginia, chair of the U.S. House Ways and Means Committee, and Senator Arthur P. Gorman of Maryland, both Democrats.

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ROMANTICISM VS REALISM

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Romanticism Realism
1. Dominance of plot (intrigue) (Charactersserve plot, dramatic events) 1. Dominance of character (plot serves characterization; events reveal character)
2. Story is largely "told." 2. Story is largely "shown."
3. Representation by metaphoric means (comparison between unlike levels) 3. Representation by metonymic means (by contiguity)
4. Metaphoric significance (triumph of good over evil) 4. Pragmatic significance (good guys get ahead)
5. Idealization 5. No idealization (life as it is)
6. Hyperbolization (exaggeration to depict ideal) 6. Objectivity (show it as it is)
7. Story material from supernatural and/or phenomenal world 7. Story material only from phenomenal world
8. Events range from impossible to probable (mysterious causes to some events) 8. Events range from possible to probable(all events "naturally" motivated)
9. Disturbed chronology (events reordered to exploit suspense) 9. Normal chronology (events presented in order of occurrence insofar as possible)
10. Limited disclosure (some information deniedto reader) 10. Full disclosure of facts (all facts revealed to reader)
11. Heterogeneous narrational means (variety of "voices") 11. Homogenous narrational means (one "voice" neutral exposition)
12. Intrusive author (=narrator) Addresses to reader, digressions, apostrophes to personages. 12. Absence of author as narrator. No author-reader play; author remains invisible to enhance illusion of reality.
13. Capricious author (play with reader. Romantic irony in Tieck's definition -- deliberate destruction of illusion of reality) 13. Disciplined author (no author-reader play; author remains invisible to enhance illusion of reality)
14. Unusual personages (bandits, homicides, gypsies, avengers, devils) 14. Ordinary personages (typical people in mundane situations; daily routine, marriage)
15. Personages arbitrary and static (dominatedby single passions; limited attitudes, no or un- motivated changes) 15. Personages motivated, evolving (complex personalities, events change personages, inconsistent behavior is motivated)
16. Personages' speech is stylized(enhances predetermined types and passions: vengeful artist, offended officer, heroic bandit, etc.) 16. Personages' speech individualized (language of their class, gender, education, emotions, profession, etc., is reflected)
17. Personages' psychic states are revealed through tirades, confessions, harangues 17. Personages' psychic states revealed through dialogue, inner monologue, dreams.
18. Personages' names metaphoric ("tag names reveal basic inner quality) 18. Personages' names motivated by "real" life customs
19. Personages have special physical properties (unusually ugly or handsome; magnetic eyes, incredible strength) 19. Personages are like everyone else (mousey -looking, ordinary)
20. Settings are exotic (distant lands, Transylvania, Caucasus, South Seas, fairy land, hell, Venus) 20. Settings prosaic (Petersburg, an estate, Moscow)
21. Local color used for exotic effect (gypsy dress, food, songs, Indian customs) 21. Local color to enhance verisimilitude (to make personages credible)
22. Description of the unusual for effect 22. Description of the typical for verisimilitude
23. Choice of detail for effect (this aspect of setting creates atmosphere, suspense) 23. Choice of detail for illusion of reality (dirty window, stained teeth, smells)
24. No "inessential" details (all details serve story line, plot) 24. Peripheral, apparently inessential detail (walk-on characters, the nitty-gritty in the environment, etc.) to give impression of fullness & variety of life
25. Temporal setting: past, present, or future, but usually the first or last are used to enhance exoticism 25. Usually contemporary setting
26. Setting is at the service of plot (exotic people in exotic settings, doing strange things) 26. Setting is at the service of characterization (typical people in typical situations
27. (In some Russian historical tales the setting became dominant: plot and personages are simply justifications for creating detailed setting: Medieval Reval, for instance)
28. Framed tale very common (shows how storycame about & justifies its telling; removes author from position of responsibility, author only reports what he heard) 28. Framed tale uncommon

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COIN'S FINANICAL SCHOOL

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Coin's Financial School was a popular pamphlet written in 1893 that helped popularize the free silver and populist movements. The author of the text "Coin", William Hope Harvey, would later go on to aid William Jennings Bryan in his bid for the presidency and would run for the presidency himself in the 1930s. The book was remarkably popular in its day, selling an estimated 1 million copies.

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WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN

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William Jennings Bryan (March 19, 1860 – July 26, 1925) was an American politician in the late-19th and early-20th centuries. He was a dominant force in the liberal wing of the Democratic Party, standing three times as its candidate for President of the United States (1896, 1900 and 1908). He served in the United States Congress briefly as a Representative from Nebraska and was the 41st United States Secretary of State under President Woodrow Wilson, 1913-1916. Bryan was a devout Presbyterian, a supporter of popular democracy, an enemy of gold, banks and railroads, a leader of the silverite movement in the 1890s, a peace advocate, a prohibitionist, and an opponent of Darwinism on religious grounds. With his deep, commanding voice and wide travels, he was one of the best known orators and lecturers of the era. Because of his faith in the goodness and rightness of the common people, he was called "The Great Commoner."

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CROSS OF GOLD SPEECH

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The Cross of Gold speech was delivered by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Democratic National Convention in Chicago on July 9, 1896. The speech advocated bimetallism. ...

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GOLD STANDARD ACT

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The Gold Standard Act of the United States was passed in 1900 (ratified on March 14) and established gold as the only standard for redeeming paper money, stopping bimetallism (which had allowed silver in exchange for gold). It was signed by President William McKinley.