Ch.18

Front 1

from food, humans must get basic organic molecules to make ____, build tissues, & serve as _____ and coenzymes

Back 1

ATP

cofactors

Front 2

digestion breaks ______ (carbs,fats,proteins) into ______ building blocks

Back 2

polymers

monomer

Front 3

______ is taking food in the mouth

Back 3

ingestion

Front 4

______ is chewing

Back 4

mastication

Front 5

______ is swallowing

Back 5

deglutination

Front 6

______ is one way movement through the tract

Back 6

peristalsis

Front 7

______ is churning or mixing

Back 7

segmentation

Front 8

the gastrointestinal tract is about ____ feet long from mouth to anus

Back 8

30

Front 9

_______ ______ consists of teeth,tongue,salivary glands, liver,gallbladder and pancreas

Back 9

accessory organs

Front 10

GI tract layers are also called?

Back 10

tunics

Front 11

how many tunics are there?

and called?

Back 11

4

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa

Front 12

_____: inner secretory and absorptive layer, may be folded to increase surface area

Back 12

mucosa

Front 13

_____:very vascular, to pick up nutrients; also has some glands

Back 13

submucosa

Front 14

______: smooth muscle; responsible for peristalsis and segmentation

Back 14

muscularis

Front 15

_____:outer binding and protective layer

Back 15

serosa

Front 16

the parasympathetic division of the Gi tract stimulates?

Back 16

esophagus,stomach,small intestines,pancreas,gallbladder, and first part of large intestines via the vagus nerve

Front 17

spinal nerves in ___ region stimulate lower large intestines

Back 17

sacral

Front 18

preganglionic neurons synapse on _____ & ______

Back 18

submucosal

myentericplexi

Front 19

The sympathetic division of the GI tract inhibits ______ & _____

Back 19

peristalsis and secretion

Front 20

The sympathetic division of the GI tract stimulates _____ of sphincters

Back 20

contraction

Front 21

hormones: from ____ or other digestive organs

Back 21

brain

Front 22

______ sensory neurons in gut wall help in intristic regulation via seperate enteric nervous system

Back 22

intristic

Front 23

intristic regulation includes _____ signals

Back 23

paracrine

Front 24

_______: contains mucus, an antimicrobial agent and salivary amylase to start digestion of starch

Back 24

saliva

Front 25

deglutition involves coordinated contraction of __ pairs of muscles

Back 25

25

Front 26

deglutition has __ parts which are called?

Back 26

3

oral
pharyngeal
esophageal

Front 27

_____: voluntary;muscles of mouth and tongue mix food with saliva to form abolus

Back 27

oral

Front 28

_______: initiated by receptors in the posterior oral cavity and oropharrynx

Back 28

pharyngeal

Front 29

_____ lifts to cover nasopharynx and esophagus covers vocal cords

Back 29

uvula

Front 30

______: automatic; controlled by swallowing center of brain stem

Back 30

esophageal

Front 31

mouth, pharynx, and upper esophagus lined with skeletal muscles innervated by ___ ___ ___

Back 31

somatic motor neurons

Front 32

lower esophagus lined with smooth muscles controlled by ____

Back 32

ANS

Front 33

the esophagus is ___ inches long

Back 33

10

Front 34

the esophagus passes through the diaphram via the esophageal _____

Back 34

hiatus

Front 35

the esophagus is lined with non keratinized _____ _____ epithilium

Back 35

stratisfied squamous

Front 36

the upper portion of the esophagus has _____ muscles and the lower portion has _____ muscle

Back 36

skeletal

smooth

Front 37

lower esophageal sphincter opens to allow food to pass into stomach, it stays closed to prevent _______

Back 37

regurgitation

Front 38

what are some of the stomachs functions?

Back 38

stores food
churns food with gastric secretion
begins protein digestion
kills bacteria in food
moves food into small intestine in the form of chime

Front 39

food is delivered to the ____ region of stomach

Back 39

cardiac

Front 40

____ is the upper region of stomach

Back 40

fundus

Front 41

_____ is the lower region of stomach

Back 41

body

Front 42

_____ is the distal region of the stomach

Back 42

pyloris

Front 43

the pyloris ends at the pyloris ______

Back 43

sphincter

Front 44

the lining of the stomach has folds called _____

Back 44

rugae

Front 45

_____ pits at base of folds lead to gastric glands with secretory cells

Back 45

gastric

Front 46

mucus neck cells of stomach secrete mucus to help protect stomach lining from _____

Back 46

acids

Front 47

_____ cells secrete HCL acid and intristic factor to help small intestines absorb vitamin B12

Back 47

parietal

Front 48

cheif cells secrete ______

Back 48

pepsinogen

Front 49

_____ cells secrete histamine and serotinin

Back 49

ECL

Front 50

________ neurons: stimulates parietal and ECL cells

Back 50

parasympathetic

Front 51

HCL drops pH to ___

Back 51

2

Front 52

HCL makes proteins _____ and pepsinogen is converted to ____ pepsin

Back 52

denatured

active

Front 53

_____ serves as the optimal pH for pepsin activity

Back 53

HCL

Front 54

_____ & ____ could eat the stomach lining

Back 54

acid and pepsin

Front 55

defenses that help prevent acid & pepsin from eating the stomach line are?

Back 55

adherent layer of mucus with bicarb

tight junctions btw epitethial cells

rapid epithelial mitosis that replaces epithelium every 3 days

Front 56

_____ begins digestion in the stomach

Back 56

proteins

Front 57

______ begin digestion in the mouth, but salivary amylase is not active at pH2, so activity stops in stomach

Back 57

startches

Front 58

____ & _____ (aspirin) are the only common substances absorbed in the stomach

Back 58

alcohol NSAIDS

Front 59

____ _____: erosions of the mucosa of the stomach or duodenum

Back 59

peptic ulcers

Front 60

_______ _______: bacterium that reduces mucosal barriers to acid

Back 60

hellicobacter pylori

Front 61

treatment for ulcers combines ______ pump inhibitors and antibiotics

Back 61

K+/h+

Front 62

_______ is the inflammation of the submucosa caused by acid eating it

Back 62

gastritis

Front 63

the small intestines have three sections called?

Back 63

duodenum
jejunum
ilium

Front 64

complete digestion of carbs, proteins & fats happens in the?

Back 64

small intestines

Front 65

sugars,lipids,amino acids,calcium,and iron absorbed in ______ & _____

Back 65

duodenum

jejunum

Front 66

bile salts,vitamin B12, water, and electorlytes in _____

Back 66

ilium

Front 67

______ and microvilli are columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Back 67

villi

Front 68

________ is stronger and serves to mix chyme

Back 68

segmentation

Front 69

______ muscle contractions occur automatically

Back 69

smooth

Front 70

graded depolarizations called slow waves produced by pacemakeer cells called interstitial cells of ____ produce action potentials in muscle cells.

Back 70

cajal

Front 71

autonomic nerves influence enteric nervous system to stimulate or inhibit cells of ____

Back 71

cajal

Front 72

______ from PNS interacts with muscarinic ACH receptors to increase amplitude and duration of slow waves

Back 72

ACH

Front 73

The absorption of water,electrolytes, and vitamin K, and some B vitamins happens in the?

Back 73

large intestines

Front 74

in the large intestines, production of vitamin ___ and ___ via microbal organisms

Back 74

K and B

Front 75

storage of feces is in the _____ intestines

Back 75

large

Front 76

several hundred different species of bacteria live in the large ______

Back 76

intestines

Front 77

the bacteria in the large intestines can be _____ or ____. we are not harmed

Back 77

commensal

mutualistic

Front 78

most absorption happens in the _____ intestines

Back 78

small

Front 79

not all water is absorbed; about ____ mL is left per day to be excreted with feces

Back 79

200

Front 80

______ stimulates greater salt & water absorption

Back 80

aldosterone

Front 81

The _____ _____ sphincter controls defecation voluntarily

Back 81

external anal

Front 82

_____ is the largest abdominal organ

Back 82

liver

Front 83

the liver has amazing regenerative abilities due to _____ of _____

Back 83

mitosis

hepatosis

Front 84

the liver is composed of ________ that form hepatic plates seperated by capillaries called ______

Back 84

hepatocytes

sinusoids

Front 85

some of the molecules rekeased into the bile are absorbed again in the ____ intestines and returned to the liver.

these molecules are part of __________

Back 85

small

enterohepaticcirculation

Front 86

the liver makes _________ mL of bile per day

Back 86

250-1,500

Front 87

bile is composed of?

Back 87

bile pigments
bile salts
phospholipids
cholesterol
inorganic ions

Front 88

_____ is produced in spleen,liver,and bone marrow

Back 88

bilirubin

Front 89

conjugated biliruben is secreted into the bile, where it is taken to the _____ intestine

Back 89

small

Front 90

what makes feces brown?

Back 90

bacteria that turns into urobilinogen

Front 91

_______ % is absorbed by the intestines and taken back into the liver

Back 91

30-50

Front 92

____ ____ is made from bile acids conjugated with glycineortaurine

Back 92

bile salts

Front 93

bile acids are derived from _____

Back 93

cholesterol

Front 94

the _____ can remove hormones, drugs, and other substances in 3 ways

Back 94

liver

Front 95

what are the 3 ways the liver removes substances?

Back 95

secreted into bile

phagocytized

chemically alterd by hepatocytes

Front 96

the _______ stores and concentrates bile from the liver

Back 96

gallbladder

Front 97

pancreatic juice is bicarb + ___ digestive enzymes

Back 97

20

Front 98

most ______ _____ are inactive until they reach the small intestine

Back 98

pancreatic enzymes

Front 99

_______ activates trypsinogen- typsin ( to digest proteins)

Back 99

enterokinase

Front 100

_____ control modifies GI tract functioning

Back 100

neural

Front 101

stimulation goes from the brain into organ via the _____ nerve

Back 101

vagus

Front 102

motility and secretion are somewhat _____

Back 102

automatic

Front 103

gastric regulation is divided into ___ phases

Back 103

3

Front 104

what are the three phases of gastric regulation?

Back 104

cephalic phase
gastric phase
intestinal phase