Ch.17 From Book

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a royal armory filled with arms and amunition; also a state prison

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bastille

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many beaten to death by protestors during the Bastille Protest

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de Lunay

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established a new order based on individual rights, representative institutions, and a concept of loyalty to the nation rather than to the monarch

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The French Revolution

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"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"

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French Revolutionary Slogan

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brought a new way of viewing the universe to europeans; challanged beliefs about the external world

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Scientific Revolution

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the greatest astronomer of antiquity

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Ptolemy

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theory that the universe was a series of concentric spheres with a fixed or motionless earth as its center(formed from the ideas of Aristotle, Ptolemy, and Christianity)

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Geocentric Theory

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location of God (according to Geocentric Theory) and all saved souls

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Empyrean of Heaven

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Theory of Nicholas Copernicus that the planets revovle around the sun and the moon revolves around the earth

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Heliocentric Theory

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German mathemitician and astronomer who improved heliocentric theory by adding that the planets revolve around the sun in elliptical oribits (not circular)

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Johannes Kepler

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first to use the telescope; discovered craters in the moon; ordered by the Catholic Church to abandon Copernican Thesis.

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Galileo Galilei

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considered the greatest genius of the scientific revolution

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Issac Newton

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teacher at Cambridge University who wrote "Principia" and defined three laws of motion that govern planetary bodies and objects on earth

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Issac Newton

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his universal law of gravitation explained why planetary bodies take elliptical orbits about the sun

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Issac Newton

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universe was seen as one huge machine that operated according to natural laws

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Newton's "World Machine" Concept

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French Philosopher who wrote "Discorse on Method" and declared "I think therefore I am"

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Descartes

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belief in absolute dualism or separation between mind and matter (principle of Descartes)

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Cartesian Dualism

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The Father of Modern Rationalism

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Descartes

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Did the Scientific Revolution occour in Europe or China?

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Europe

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a movement of intellectuals inspired by the Scientific Revolution; advocated the application of the scientific method to the understanding of all life

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The Enlightenment

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believed people were born with a blank mind and molded by their environment

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John Locke

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formed theory of knowledge and wrote "Essay Concerning Human Understanding"

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John Locke

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writer of "Spirit of the Laws" who distingusihed three types of government: republic, monarchy, and despotism

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Montesquieu

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believed in the importance of checks and balances achieved by a seperation of powers

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Montesquieu

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the greatest figure of the Enlightenment

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Voltaire

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prolific author who criticized traditional religion and sought to crush religious fenaticism; believed in Deism

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Voltaire

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belief (built on the Newtonian World Machine) that the universe was created by a mechanic God who set it in motion and allowed it to run according to its natural laws

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Deism

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writer who believed Christianity was absurd; wrote an encyclopedia that spread the ideas of the Enlightenment

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Diderot

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belief that the government should leave the economy alone

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laissez-faire

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economist who advocated laissez-faire

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Adam Smith

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Rousseaus novel on education that taught that education should foster rather than restric children's natural instincts

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Emile

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balanced emotion and reason

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Rousseau

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writer of "Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind" and "The Social Contract"

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Rousseau

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founder of Modern European Feminism and writer of "Vendication of the Rights of Women"

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Mary Wollstonecraft

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style affecting architecture and decoration that stressed grace, charm, and gentle action.

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Rococo

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the literary and artistic culture of the educated and ruling class

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high culture

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the written and unwritten culture of masses whcih has been passed down orally

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popular culture

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merchant-capitalst entreprenuers bought raw materials and "put them out" to workers who spun them into yarn

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cottage industry

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lived off of their investments

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reniers

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controlled European communities by dominating town and city councils

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patrician olgarchies

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offspring of Europeans and Native american Indians

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mestizos

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offspring of Africans and Whites

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mulattoes

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native pesants permanantly dependant on the land owner

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peons

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governor general

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viceroy

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African born descendants of Europeans

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Creoles

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one of Latin America's best known literary figures who wrote poetry and prose and argued that women should be educated

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de La Cruz

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prime minister of Britain who expanded the British empire by aquiring Canada and India in the Seven Years War

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William Pitt the Elder

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became the world's greatest colonial power after the 7 years war

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Great Britain

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an attemp to levy new taxes which lead to riots and was quickly appealed

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Stamp Act

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writter of the Declaration of Independence

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Thomas Jefferson

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monarchs who followed the advice of the philosophes and ruled by enlightened principles

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enlightened despots

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made administrative reforms that helped centralize the Australian Empire (in order to strengthen the power of the Habsburg State)

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Empress Maria Theresa