Ch.16

Front 1

hematocrit

Back 1

the fraction of the blood volume that is occupied by red blood cells.

Front 2

buffy coat

Back 2

btwn the plasma & erythrocytes there is a thin layer of leukocytes & platelets called the _______ ______.

Front 3

hematocrit

Back 3

The __________ is useful clinical measure because it indicates whether a person has a normal complement of erythrocytes.

Front 4

Polycythemia

Back 4

a high hematocrit indicaes a higher than normal concentration of erythrocytes in the blood.

Front 5

Plasma

Back 5

_______ is an aqueous solution in which a great variety of solutes are dissolved.

Front 6

protein
nitrogenous waste products
small nutrients
gases
electrolytes

Back 6

What are the solutes of plasma?

Front 7

water

Back 7

makes up 90% of plasma volume

provides dissolving and suspending medium for solutes and formed elements.

Front 8

proteins

Back 8

albumin
globulins
fibrogens
enzymes
hormones
antibacterial proteins

Front 9

proteins

Back 9

accounts for 8% of plasma (by weight)

most are synthesized by liver

Front 10

Albumin

Back 10

60% of plasma proteins
largely responsible for plasma oncotic pressure

Front 11

Globulins

Back 11

36% of plasma proteins
Include clotting proteins, anitbodies secreted by certain leukocytes during the immune response, and proteins that bind to lipids, fat-soluble hormones, and metal ions to transport these substances in the blood.

Front 12

Fibrogen

Back 12

Important in the formation of blood clots.

Front 13

nitrogenous waste products

Back 13

By-products of metabolism, such as urea, uric acid, and creatinine.

Front 14

Organic nutrients

Back 14

Materials absorbed from the intestines and used by cells throught the body

includes glucose and other simple sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol, triglycerides, cholesterol, and vitamins.

Front 15

Electrolytes

Back 15

cation
anions

Front 16

cations

Back 16

Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, magnesium (important in neuromuscular signaling) and tracing metals (important in normal enzyme activity)

Front 17

anions

Back 17

Chloride (important in neuromuscular signaling), bicarbonate, and phosphate (important in maintenance of normal plasma pH).

Front 18

Respiratory gases

Back 18

Oxygen and Carbon dioxide

Most oxygen and some carbon is bound to hemoglobin in erythrocytes
A significant fraction of CO2 is found in the plasma in the form of bicarbonate.

Front 19

permeability

Back 19

The difference in concentration is maintained by low ___________ of capillary walls to proteins, which limits proteins' ability to move out of the plasma.

Front 20

Serum

Back 20

plasma from which fibrinogen and other clotting proteins have been removed.

Front 21

Erythrocytes

Back 21

red blood cells that are the most abundant in the blood, numbering about 5 million per cubic millimeter of blood.

Front 22

Erythrocytes

Back 22

lack nuclei, mitochondria, and other organelles, such as ribosomes that are necessary for manufacturing proteins.

Front 23

erythrocytes

Back 23

shaped like discs
biconcave discs

Front 24

spectrin

Back 24

The shape of erythrocytes is due to the presence of a cytosolic protein called _________.

Front 25

spectrin

Back 25

_________ is a fibrous protein that form a network linked to the plasma membrane .

Front 26

spectrin net

Back 26

is flexible, giving erythrocytes the abilit to bend and flex as necessary to move through capillaries that are sometimes smaller in diameter than the erythrocytes.

Front 27

erythrocytes

Back 27

major function is to transport oxygen and CO2 in the blood for exchange w/ body cells and lung tissue.

Front 28

hemoglobin
carbonic anhydrase

Back 28

Erythrocytes have a high capacity for carrying these gases because they contain in their cytoplasm 2 proteins: ___________ &_____________ ____________

Front 29

Hemoglobin

Back 29

binds and transports CO2 and 02

Front 30

Carbonic anhydrase

Back 30

transport of CO2 only

Front 31

Hemoglobin

Back 31

__________ is the most abundant protein in erythrocytes
Composed of 4 polypeptide chains (2 alpha & 2 beta)

Front 32

heme group

Back 32

Each of polypeptide chains of hemoglobin has an iron - containing ring structure

Front 33

O2

Back 33

The iron from the heme group is the site where a molecule of _________ binds.

Front 34

CO2

Back 34

_______ _______ binds reversibly to A.A.'s w/in the polypeptide chains.

Front 35

iron

Back 35

The ______ in the hemoglobin is oxidized and gives hemoglobing a red color, which is responsible for the red color of erythrocytes and blood.

Front 36

Carbonic anhydrase

Back 36

_________ __________ is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible conversion of CO2 and H20 to carbonic acid.

Front 37

120

Back 37

Once the erythrocytes are released into the bloodstream, they remain there for only about _____ days.

Front 38

cell division

Back 38

They have no nucleus nor any organelles, and thus they cannot undergo ____ ________.

Front 39

erythrocytes

Back 39

New ___________are produced on a regular basis, at a rate of approximately 2-3 million per second or 200 billion a day!

Front 40

Erythropoesis
spleen

Back 40

The bone marrow has the enormous task of producing these erythrocytes by a process called __________, while the _______ removes the old erythrocytes from the blood.

Front 41

hematopoetic stem cells

Back 41

All blood cells develop from precursor cells called ____________ _____ ______, located in the bone marrow.

Front 42

Erythrocytes & Leukocytes

Back 42

these come to full maturity in the bone marrow

Front 43

T lymphocytes

Back 43

must migrate to the thymus gland before they develop to maturity.

Front 44

hematopoetic growth factors (HGF's)

Back 44

The development of a particular type of blood cell depends on cytokines called _________ _______ ______.

Front 45

HGF's

Back 45

The ______ involved in leukocyte production include colony-stimulating factors and interleukins.