Ch15: Green Algae & Other Protists

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agar

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A gelatinous substance derived from certain red algae; used as a solidifying agent in the preparation of nutrient media for the growth of microorganisms

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algin

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An important polysaccharide component of brown algal cell walls; used as a stabilizer and emulsifier for some foods and for paint

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blade

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The broad, expanded part of a leaf; the lamina

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carpogonium

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[Gk. karpos, fruit, + gonos, offspring] In red algae, the female gametangium

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carpospores

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In red algae, the single diploid protoplast found within a carposporangium

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chrysolaminarin

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The storage product of the chrysophytes and diatoms

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contractile vacuole

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A clear, fluid-filled vacuole in some groups of protists that takes up water within the cell and then contracts, expelling its contents from the cell

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eyespot

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A small, pigmented structure in flagellated unicellular organisms that is sensitive to light. Also called a stigma

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frustule

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The two-part cell wall of a diatom, made up of polymerized, opaline silica (SiO2 • nH2O) and consisting of overlapping halves

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fucoxanthin

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[Gk. phykos, seaweed, + xanthos, yellowish brown] A brownish carotenoid found in brown algae and chrysophytes

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gametophyte

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In plants that have an alternation of generations, the haploid (n), gamete-producing generation, or phase

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heterokonts

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Organisms with one long, ornamented (tinsel) flagellum and one shorter, smooth (whiplash) flagellum; include oomycetes, chrysophytes, diatoms, brown algae, and certain other groups. Also called stramenopiles

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heterothallic

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[Gk. heteros, different, + thallus, sprout] Describing a species with haploid individuals that are self-sterile or self-incompatible; two compatible strains or individuals are required for sexual reproduction

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homothallic

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[Gk. homos, same, + thallus, sprout] Describing a species in which the individuals are self-fertile

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kelp

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A common name for any of the larger members of the order Laminariales of the brown algae

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laminarin

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One of the principal storage products of the brown algae; a polymer of glucose

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macrocyst

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In cellular slime molds, a flattened, irregular structure, encircled by a thin membrane, in which zygotes are formed

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mannitol

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One of the storage molecules of the brown algae; an alcohol

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oogonium

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A unicellular female sex organ that contains one or several eggs

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oospore

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The thick-walled zygote characteristic of the oomycetes

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paramylon

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The storage molecule of euglenoids

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phragmoplast

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A spindle-shaped system of microtubules that arises between two daughter nuclei at telophase and within which the cell plate is formed during cell division, or cytokinesis. Phragmoplasts are found in all green algae except members of the class Chlorophyceae and in all plants

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phycoplast

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A system of microtubules that develops between the two daughter nuclei, parallel to the plane of cell division. Phycoplasts occur only in green algae of the class Chlorophyceae

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phytoplankton

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[Gk. phyton, plant, + planktos, wandering] Aquatic, free-floating, microscopic, photosynthetic organisms

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plankton

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[Gk. planktos, wandering] Free-floating, mostly microscopic, aquatic organisms

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plasmodium

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Stage in the life cycle of myxomycetes (plasmodial slime molds); a multinucleate mass of protoplasm surrounded by a membrane

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pseudoplasmodium

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A multicellular mass of individual amoeboid cells, representing the aggregate phase in the cellular slime molds

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pyrenoid

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[Gk. pyren, stone of a fruit, + oides, like] A differentiated region of the chloroplast that is a center of starch formation in green algae and hornworts

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sporophyte

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The spore-producing, diploid (2n) phase in a life cycle characterized by alternation of generations

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sporopollenin

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The tough substance of which the exine, or outer wall, of spores and pollen grains is composed; a cyclic alcohol highly resistant to decay

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stigma

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(1) The region of a carpel that serves as a receptive surface for pollen grains and on which they germinate; (2) a light-sensitive, pigmented structure; see also eyespot

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stramenopiles

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See heterokonts

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tetrasporophyte

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[Gk. tetra, four, + spora, seed, + phyton, plant] In certain red algae, a diploid individual that produces tetrasporangia

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thallus

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[Gk. thallos, sprout] A type of body that is not differentiated into root, stem, or leaf. The term was commonly used when fungi and algae were considered to be plants, to distinguish their simple construction, and that of certain gametophytes, from the differentiated bodies of plant sporophytes and the elaborate gametophytes of the bryophytes

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trichogyne

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[Gk. trichos, hair, + gyn, woman] In the red algae and certain ascomycetes and Basidiomycota, a receptive protuberance of the female gametangium for the conveyance of spermatia

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zooplankton

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[Gk. life, + plankton, wanderer] A collective term for the nonphotosynthetic organisms present in plankton