Ch.14, A&p

Front 1

A thin, smooth layer of epithelial cells that line that hearts interior; provides a smooth surface for easy flow as blood travels through the heart; extensions of this membrane cover the flaps (cusps) of the heart valve.

Back 1

Endocardium

Front 2

The heart muscle; the thickest layer; pumps blood through the vessels

Back 2

Myocardium

Front 3

A serious membrane that forms the thin, outermost layer of the heart wall; also considered the visceral layer of the pericardium

Back 3

Epicardium

Front 4

The sac that encloses the heart; the sacs outermost and heaviest layer is the fibrous ______; hold the heart in place.

Back 4

Pericardium

Front 5

Cardiac muscles have a single cell nucleus instead of multiple nucleus; all cardiac tissues are involuntarily controlled; has branching of muscle fiber cells that are interwoven so that the stimulation that causes the contraction of one fiber results in the contraction of the whole group for effective pumping.

Back 5

Features of the myocardium

Front 6

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

Back 6

4 chambers of the heart

Front 7

The upper chambers of the right and left sides; are mainly blood receiving chambers

Back 7

Atria

Front 8

The lower chambers on the right and left side; are forceful pumps

Back 8

Ventricles

Front 9

A thin-walled chamber that receives blood returning from body tissues; this blood is low in oxygen and is carried in veins leading back to the heart

Back 9

Right atrium

Front 10

Pumps the venous blood received from the right atrium back to the lungs; pumps into a large pulmonary trunk, which then divides into right and left pulmonary arteries; these arteries carry blood to the lungs.

Back 10

Right ventricle

Front 11

Receives blood high in oxygen content as it returns from the lungs in pulmonary veins

Back 11

Left atrium

Front 12

The chamber with the thickest wall; pumps highly oxygenated blood to all parts of the body

Back 12

Left ventricle

Front 13

Has three cusps or flaps that open and close; when cusps are open, blood flows freely from the right atrium to the right ventricle; when cusp is closed, the blood must flow forward into the pulmonary arterial trunk

Back 13

Tricuspid cave (right atrioventricular)

Front 14

Has two heavy cusps that permit blood to flow freely from the left atrium to the left ventricle; the cusps close when the left ventricle begins to contract, to prevent blood flow from returning to the left atrium and forces blood into the aorta

Back 14

Bicuspid valve ( mitral valve)

Front 15

A semilunar valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk that leads to the lungs; prevents blood from returning to the ventricle

Back 15

Pulmonary valve (pulmonic valve)

Front 16

A semilunar valve located between the left ventricle and the aorta; after contraction of the left ventricle, back pressure closes the valve to prevent the back flow of blood from the aorta into the ventricle.

Back 16

Aortic valve

Front 17

The main arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle; right and left side

Back 17

Right & left coronary arteries

Front 18

Myocardium has its own blood vessels to provide oxygen and nourishment and to remove waste products; together, these blood vessels provide ______ _____

Back 18

Coronary circulation

Front 19

The active phase that begins in the ventricles; while the ventricles are contracting, forcing blood through the the semilunar valves, the atria are relaxed and are filling with blood.

Back 19

Systole (contraction)

Front 20

The resting phase which begins in the atria; atria fills with blood, which flows directly into the relaxed ventricles

Back 20

Diastole

Front 21

One complete sequence of heart contractions and relaxation

Back 21

Cardiac cycle

Front 22

Contraction of ventricles pumps blood into aorta and pulmonary arteries

Back 22

Ventricular systole

Front 23

The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute

Back 23

Cardiac output

Front 24

The volume of blood ejected from the ventricle with each beat.

Back 24

Stroke volume

Front 25

The number of times the heart beats per minute

Back 25

Heart rate

Front 26

How do you find cardiac output?

Back 26

CO = HR x SV

Front 27

Located in the upper wall of the right atrium; initiates the heartbeat by generating an action potential at regular intervals sets the rate of heart contractions; also known as the pacemaker

Back 27

Sinoatrial node (SA)

Front 28

The second node; located at the bottom of the right atrium

Back 28

Atrioventricular node (AV)

Front 29

Known as the bundle of his; located at the top of the top of the inter-ventricular septum; it has branches that extend to all parts of the ventricular walls; fibers first travel down both sides of the interventricular septum in groups called the right and left bundle branches

Back 29

Atrioventricular bundle (AV bundle)

Front 30

Smaller fibers travel in a branching network throughout the myocardium of the ventricles; disks allow rapid flow of impulses throughout the heart muscles

Back 30

Purkinje fibers

Front 31

1) SA generates the electric impulse that begins the heartbeat

2) waves travel through the myocardium of each atrium, causing the atria to contract; at the same time, impulses also travel directly to to the AV node

3) the AV node is stimulated; a slower rate is conduction through the AV node allows time for the atria to contract

4) the excitation waves travel rapidly through the AV bundle and then through the ventricular walls by means of bundle branches and purkinje fibers

Back 31

The order at which impulses travel through the heart

Front 32

A normal heart rhythm originating at the SA node

Back 32

Sinus rhythm

Front 33

Plays a role in modifying the heart rate according to the need; sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate in response to increased activity; parasympathetic nervous system stimulation decreases heart rate to restore homeostasis

Back 33

Autonomic nervous systems role (ANS)

Front 34

Slow heart rate; <60 BPM

Back 34

Bradycardia

Front 35

Slow heart rate; <60 BPM

Back 35

Bradycardia

Front 36

Fast heart rate; >100 BPM; may occur with stress, exercise, caffeine intake

Back 36

Tachycardia

Front 37

Plays a role in modifying the heart rate according to the need; sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate in response to increased activity; parasympathetic nervous system stimulation decreases heart rate to restore homeostasis

Back 37

Autonomic nervous systems role (ANS)

Front 38

Fast heart rate; >100 BPM; may occur with stress, exercise, caffeine intake

Back 38

Tachycardia

Front 39

Regular variation in heart rate at the SA node caused by changes in the rate and depth of breathing; it is a normal phenomenon

Back 39

Sinus arrhythmia

Front 40

Plays a role in modifying the heart rate according to the need; sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate in response to increased activity; parasympathetic nervous system stimulation decreases heart rate to restore homeostasis

Back 40

Autonomic nervous systems role (ANS)

Front 41

Slow heart rate; <60 BPM

Back 41

Bradycardia

Front 42

Fast heart rate; >100 BPM; may occur with stress, exercise, caffeine intake

Back 42

Tachycardia

Front 43

Regular variation in heart rate at the SA node caused by changes in the rate and depth of breathing; it is a normal phenomenon

Back 43

Sinus arrhythmia

Front 44

The beat that comes before the expected normal beat; may be initiated with caffeine, nicotine, or stress but are also common in people with heart disease

Back 44

Premature beat

Front 45

The first sound heard; the longer, lower pitched sound that occurs at the start of the ventricular systole; the "lub" sound; closure of AV valves

Back 45

S1

Front 46

An abnormal heart sound; usually due to a faulty valve; if a valve fails to close tightly, and blood leaks back, the sound is heard

Back 46

Murmur

Front 47

The second heart sound; occurs at the beginning of ventricular relaxation and is caused largely by sudden closure of the semilunar valves; the "dup" sound

Back 47

S2

Front 48

An abnormal heart sound; usually due to a faulty valve; if a valve fails to close tightly, and blood leaks back, the sound is heard

Back 48

Murmur

Front 49

The narrowing of a valve opening

Back 49

Stenosis

Front 50

The second heart sound; occurs at the beginning of ventricular relaxation and is caused largely by sudden closure of the semilunar valves; the "dup" sound

Back 50

S2

Front 51

The narrowing of a valve opening

Back 51

Stenosis

Front 52

Inflammation of the hearts lining; may involve the lining of the chambers, but it most commonly refers to inflammation of the endocardium covering the valves

Back 52

Endocarditis

Front 53

Inflammation of the heart muscle

Back 53

Myocarditis

Front 54

Inflammation of the heart muscle

Back 54

Myocarditis

Front 55

Inflammation of the serous membrane of the heart muscle, as well as that lining of the pericardial sac

Back 55

Pericarditis

Front 56

Originates with an attack of rheumatic fever in childhood or in youth; antibodies formed to combat the toxin are believed to cause the disease; the antibodies may also attack the heart valves; the valves become inflamed , thicken, and harden.

Back 56

Rheumatic heart disease

Front 57

The most common congenital heart defect I which there is a hole in the interventricular septum; part of the hearts left side output goes back to the lungs instead of out to the body

Back 57

Ventricular septal defect

Front 58

Progressive deposit of fatty material; in the lining of the vessels; causes vessels to gradually narrow

Back 58

Plaque

Front 59

Plaque buildup that causes thickening and hardening of the vessels with a loss of elasticity

Back 59

Atherosclerosis

Front 60

Lack of blood supply

Back 60

Ischemia

Front 61

Obstruction of a coronary artery which results in complete obstruction of blood flow ; the oxygen deprived tissue undergoes necrosis; symptoms include dizziness, chest pain that radiates down the left arm, back, neck or jaw; may have shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, vomiting or pain in the epicanthic region

Back 61

Myocardial infarction (heart attack)

Front 62

Inadequate blood flow to the heart muscles; discomfort is felt in the region of the heart and in the left arm and shoulder

Back 62

Angina pectoris

Front 63

Abnormal rhythm of the heartbeat; extremely rapid but coordinated contractions numbering up to 300 per minutes are described as a flutter.

Back 63

Arrhythmia

Front 64

An episode of rapid, wild, uncoordinated heart muscle contractions

Back 64

Fibrillation

Front 65

An interruption of electrical impulses in the hearts conduction system

Back 65

Heart block

Front 66

When the heart is unable to pump efficiently; often results when the heart muscle is damaged by an MI, but can also result from hypertension or valvular abnormalities which force the heart to work harder; blood backs up into the pulmonary circulation, increasing pressure and fluid in the lungs; symptoms include shortness of breath, persistent cough, fatigue & edema

Back 66

Heart failure

Front 67

Medications for treatment of heart disease:

Back 67

Nitroglycerine, beta blocking agents, and ace inhibitors

Front 68

Medication used to relieve angina pectoris; this drug dilates the vessels in the coronary circulation and improves the hearts blood supply

Back 68

Nitroglycerine

Front 69

Medication used to relieve angina pectoris; this drug dilates the vessels in the coronary circulation and improves the hearts blood supply

Back 69

Nitroglycerine

Front 70

This drug controls sympathetic stimulation of the heart; they reduce the rate and strength of heart contractions, thus reducing the hearts blood supply

Back 70

Beta- adrenergic blocking agents