Ch12-Memory & Cognition

Front 1

Arrangement Problem

Back 1

Requires rearranging its parts to satisfy a specified criterion
-objects can be arranged several ways but only 1 or few arrangements form a solution

Front 2

Anagram

Back 2

Requires rearranging a string of letters to form a word

Front 3

Skills needed to solve arrangement problems

Back 3

1)Fluency in generating possibilities
2)Retrieval of solution patterns
3)Knowledge of principles that constrain the search

Front 4

Insight

Back 4

Sudden discovery of a solution following unsuccessful attempts to solve a problem
-Suddenness of solution: distinguishes insight from other forms of discovery

Front 5

Functional Fixedness

Back 5

Tendency to use an object in a typical way-To perceive an object in terms of only its most common use
-Think of an object as functioning only in usual way

Front 6

Dunker's Candle Problem

Back 6

Shows how functional fixedness can influence performance
-Goal: place 3 candles eye level on a door

Front 7

Inducing Structure Problem

Back 7

Requires finding a pattern among a fixed set of relations
-Relation is fixed, problem is to discover it
-Objects are given and task is to determine how they're related

Front 8

Analogy Problem

Back 8

4 term problem that requires finding answer that completes the relation: A is to B as C is to D
-Solving problem by using a solution to a related problem
-Major heuristic for solving problems
-Depends more on LTM

Front 9

Transformation Problem

Back 9

Requires changing the initial state through a sequence of operations until it matches the goal state
-Provides goal state
-Requires skills in planning--Means-End Analysis

Front 10

Means-End Analysis

Back 10

Strategy that can be used to solve transformation problems by eliminating differences between the initial and goal states
-General problem solver

Front 11

Problem Space

Back 11

Set of choices evaluated at each step in solving a problem as determined by the problem solver

Front 12

Operator

Back 12

An action that is selected to solve problems

Front 13

Heuristic

Back 13

Strategy helpful in solving problems-often but not always
(eg)Working backward, means end analysis

Front 14

Algorithm

Back 14

Set of rules that will solve a problem if correctly followed
-Correct answer is guaranteed if rules followed correctly
(eg)Rules for multiplication

Front 15

Subgoal

Back 15

Solves part of the problem
-problem states intermediate-between the initial and the goal state
Limitations:
-subgoals aren't obvious
-may create confusion about next step
-explicity pointing out subgoals make them more effective