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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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define acid
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substance that behaves as a proton (H+) donor
proton donor |
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define base
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substance that behaves as a proton (H+) acceptor
proton acceptor |
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define conjugate acid
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formed when the base accepts a proton
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define conjugate base
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formed when the acid donates a proton
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define conjugate acid-base pair
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the acid and base on the opposite sides of the equation
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dissocation of acid-base
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production of positive and negative ions when an ionic compound dissolves in water
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ion product for water
kw = .... |
1.0 x 10-14
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polyprotic substances
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substance that can accept or donate more than one proton per molecule
monoprotic diprotic triprotic acids |
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strong acids/bases
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reaction with water is virtually 100% (strong electrolytes)
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examples of strong acids
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HCl
HBr HI HNo3 H2So4 HClO4 |
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examples of strong bases
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NaOH
KOH Ba(OH)2 all metal hydroxides |
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examples of weak acids/bases
(only a small % dissociates- weak electrolytes) |
acid- acetic acid CH3COOH
carbonic acid H2Co3 base- ammonia NH3 pyridine C5H5NH2 |
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strong vs weak
acid/base |
strong - lots of hydronium ion or hydroxide ion; good electricity (electrolytes); virtually no starting compound left
weak - relatively little hydroxide/hydronium ion; poor conductors of electricity; only a tiny fraction of molecules react |
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ionization
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dissocation of acids and bases
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neutralization reaction
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reaction of an acid with a base to produce a SALT and a WATER
HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) --> NaCl (aq) + H20 (l) acid/base-->salt/water |
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spectator ions
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ions appearing the same on both sides of the equation
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describe a titration
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1. addition of measured amounts of known conc. to a buret to neutralize the second unknonwn sol'n
equivalence pt is signaled by the indicator |
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equivalence point
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moles of added acid and base are equal
MaVa = MbVb |
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buffer solution
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solution which resists large changes in pH when either acids or bases are added
consist of either 1. weak acid and its salt 2. weak base and its salt |
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buffer capacity
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measure of the ability of a solution to resist large changes in pH when a strong acid/base is added
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buffer range
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value of pH over which a solution to resist large changes in pH when a strong acid or base is added
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organic
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has covalent bonds
molecules, nonelectrolytes |
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inorganic
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usually ionic bonds
3D crystal structures, often H2O soluble, dissocating into ions (electrolytes) |
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aliphatic hydrocarbons
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break into
1. alkanes 2. cycloalkanes 3. alkenes 4. alkynes |
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aromic hydrocarbons
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contain a benzene ring or derivitate a benzene ring
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functional group
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an atom or group of atoms arranged in a particular way
-primarily responsible for the chemical/physical properties of the molecule in which its formed |
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saturated hydrocarbons
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contain only a carbon-carbon single bond
alkane |
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unsaturated hydrocarbon
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contain a double or a triple bond
alkene/alkyne |
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constitutional isomers
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two molecules having the same molecular formulas, but different chemical structures
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structural isomers
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molecules having the same molecular formula, but different chemical structures
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symmetrical
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same atom or functional group is added to each carbon
hydrogenation, h2 halogenation Br2, Cl2 |
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unsymmetrical
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hydrogen and another atom are added to the functional group
hydrohalogenation, HCl, HBr hydration, H2O (requires a strong catalyst) |
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hydrogenation
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addition of a molecule of H2 to a carbon-carbon double bond to produce an alkane
uses Ni, Pt, Pd as a catalyst |
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halogenation
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addition of a molecule of halogen (X2) to a carbon-carbon double bond
does not require a catalyst |
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hydration
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addition of H2O
requires a catalyst, H+ presence of a strong acid |
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markovnikov's rule
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when an acid adds to a double bond, H of the acid often goes to the end of the double bond which had more hydrogens attatched initially
"the rich get richer" |
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alkene formula
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CnH2n
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planar (shape) of alkenes
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all atoms lie in a single plane
C-C=C-C |
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alkyne formula
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CnH2n-2
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linear (shape) of alkynes
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2 carbon atoms are bonded by a triple bond, each bond angle is at 180degrees
linear straight line |
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geometric isomers
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occur when there are two different groups on each of the carbon atoms attached by the double bond
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cis isomer
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two similar groups are on the same side of the double bond
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trans isomer
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two similar groups are on the opposite sides of the double bond
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polymer
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macromolecules composed of repeating structural units called monomers
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addition polymers
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~~[R-R-C-C-R-R-]~~
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eth-
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2
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prop-
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3
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but-
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4
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pent-
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5
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hex-
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6
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hept-
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7
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oct-
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8
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non-
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9
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dec-
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10
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